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Paleo-etymology: study of early (compound) words
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Daud Deden
Sep 10, 2023, 2:11:09 AM9/10/23
to
Zuber @Grm: (2-handled) tub
Zuber kupharigolu cwrgwl coracle topa teba
2 handles/slots evolved from divots/holes dug under walls to enable airflow but prevent vermin when it became better sealed to the forest floor yet allowed quick domeshield egress/tilting, later adapted into the basket frame for easy carrying.
Zuber kupharigolu cwrgwl coracle topa teba
2 handles/slots evolved from divots/holes dug under walls to enable airflow but prevent vermin when it became better sealed to the forest floor yet allowed quick domeshield egress/tilting, later adapted into the basket frame for easy carrying.
Daud Deden
Sep 10, 2023, 7:33:05 AM9/10/23
to
Caning whipped
Canning bottled
Jarring shaken
Mugging thieved
Potting soil/t(o)(i)lth
Spooning tuck(er)ed/stacked
Damn, I forgot to make the initial sentence of this post short and generic, since it will be repeated. Alas.
Daud Deden
Sep 11, 2023, 12:04:28 PM9/11/23
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Post #3
Daud Deden
Sep 11, 2023, 12:17:44 PM9/11/23
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"In Vest-Agder where I grew up, whole villages emigrated to America. Some of them came back. And it turned out that the ones who had forgotten their Norwegian had forgotten almost everything about their old home country. It's almost as though language preserves the memories.". Jo Nesbø, The Kingdom
Sounds about right, a near-complete language-culture shift brings a sort of amnesia, the untranslatables, for lack of useful relevance to tomorrow's needs.
Sounds about right, a near-complete language-culture shift brings a sort of amnesia, the untranslatables, for lack of useful relevance to tomorrow's needs.
Daud Deden
Sep 12, 2023, 10:30:38 AM9/12/23
to
diode (n.)
1919, in electricity, "tube with two electrodes," from Greek di- "twice" (from dis "twice," related to duo, from PIE root *dwo- "two") + hodos "a way, path, track, road," a word of uncertain origin (see Exodus).also from 1919
Entries linking to diode
*dwo-
Proto-Indo-European root meaning "two."
It forms all or part of: anadiplosis; balance; barouche; between; betwixt; bezel; bi-; binary; bis-; biscuit; combination; combine; deuce; deuterium; Deuteronomy; di- (1) "two, double, twice;" dia-; dichotomy; digraph; dimity; diode; diphthong; diploid; diploma; diplomacy; diplomat; diplomatic; diplodocus; double; doublet; doubloon; doubt; dozen; dual; dubious; duet; duo; duodecimal; duplex; duplicate; duplicity; dyad; epididymis; hendiadys; pinochle; praseodymium; redoubtable; twain; twelfth; twelve; twenty; twi-; twice; twig; twilight; twill; twin; twine; twist; 'twixt; two; twofold; zwieback.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit dvau, Avestan dva, Greek duo, Latin duo, Old Welsh dou, Lithuanian dvi, Old Church Slavonic duva, Old English twa, twegen, German zwei, Gothic twai "two;" first element in Hittite ta-ugash "two years old."
Exodus
late Old English, the second book of the Old Testament, from Latin exodus, from Greek exodos "a military expedition; a solemn procession; departure; death," literally "a going out," from ex "out" (see ex-) + hodos "a way, path, road; a ride, journey, march," figuratively "way out, means," a word of uncertain origin. The book is so called because it tells of the departure of the Israelites from Egypt under the leadership of Moses. General sense (with lower-case -e-) "departure from a place," especially "the migration of large bodies of people or animals from one country or region to another," is from 1620s.
Beekes derives the Greek word from PIE *sod- "course" and says it is traditionally connected with Slavic words for "course" (such as Russian xod "course, progress," "which might have been borrowed from Iranian") and adds that it is perhaps also related to Sanskrit a-sad- "to tread on, go on," Avestan apa-had- "to go away; become weak," "but the relation between them is unclear, as is the connection to the PIE root *sed- "sit" (proposed in Watkins, etc.)."
~
Hodos xod a-sad apa-had sed <~ xyuatl
Wadi @ Arb: waterway, dry wash, (natural) course
<= (Xyuamb) uatl (achyah) >
Atl @ Azt: water
Xyua(mb)uatl -> shower, lluvia
Aqueous uisgi
bruce bowser
Sep 16, 2023, 2:40:46 AM9/16/23
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Daud Deden
Sep 16, 2023, 4:27:57 AM9/16/23
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Great apes make new arboreal bowl nests nightly, I think our lineage inverted these into terrestrial domes of wicker & broad leaves, transportable and used as shields during daytime, shelters during nighttime, possibly as far back as Danuvius 11.6ma Bavaria.
Mongolu @Mbuti: dome hut of wicker & broad leaves (earlier than grass huts)
Harigolu @ South India: coracle, bowl boat
Hari @ Mly: day; matahari sun; arimao tiger
Kufa @Arb: coracle of Tigris, Euphrates
Khudru @Tibet: bowl boat, hide boat
Teba @Hbr: ark, basket
Topa @Hindi: coracle
Zuber @Grm: 2-hand tub
Cover.t vs over.t, zuber vs uber, gopherwood biblical
Did archaic Homo bring their domeshields inside caves or use them as doors/gates, or traps?
Did neanderthals switch to cave dwelling, using sc.rolled skins/pelts/vellum sleeping bags?
Daud Deden
Sep 16, 2023, 9:53:38 PM9/16/23
to
https://psyarxiv.com/ygdum/
PAPER IN REVIEW Evolutionary phonetics: Review and synthesis
Axel G. Ekström1*, Steven Moran2,3, & Jens Edlund1341Division of Speech, Music & Hearing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel63Department of Anthropology, University of Miami
Keywords: Evolution of speech, Articulatory phonetics, Speech acoustics, Animal vocalization, Phonology
Abstract.
Phonetics, the science of human speechsounds, has a rich history informed by both 14humanistic and natural sciences. Across societies, typically developing humans speak and 15exhibit universal patterns of speech-centric activity. Paradoxically, however, much of evolutionary language science hasexcludedor reduced language’s primary medium, often at the expense of significant potential progress. The purpose of this review is twofold: to review 18major research efforts by phoneticians with bearing on the evolution of spoken language; and 19to outline future directions for an evolutionary science of communicative acoustics.
Introduction
Speech is the primary medium of human languageand is practiced in everyday life by all 24typically developing humans.Given this unparalleled ubiquity, it is surprising that theories of 25language evolution routinely fail to acknowledge or incorporate central findings from the study 26of human speech. The purpose of this review is to presentthe core findings of past and ongoing efforts and to contrast these contributions of language evolution with other prevalent theories. 28The perhaps most prevalent description of speech is the source-filter theory, which models 29speech as composed of two largely independent entities, the voice “source”, from the vocal 30
of the larynx, and the supralaryngeal vocal tract “filter” of that signal, where a range of 31articulatory gestures are affected that change the resonances of the vocal tract (Fant, 1960).32The voice source serves as the physiological origin of fundamental frequency, perceived as 33voice or pitch by human listeners. The range of speech signals, vowel and consonant phonemes are created in the filter, by the imposition of narrow constrictions inside the supralaryngeal vocal tract using one or more articulators, including the velum, lips, and tongue. Evolutionary perspectives on frequency Comparative laryngologist Victor Negus (1949) traced the origin of the mammalian phonatory organs to the “primitive” lungfish, whereaprecursor of the larynx served as a sphincter to close off the “lungs” (swimbladder)when immersed in water. A series of mutations and adaptations through the process of natural selection gave rise to the combined body of cartilage and muscle that constitute the modern larynx. The behavioral basis for mammalian phonation, too, is likewise phylogenetically ancient. Panksepp (2010) speculated that the first uses of voiced calls were those of pain, and of distressed infants,uttered when separated from their mothers; soon after, calls may have beencoopted for deterring predators. Such uses remain ubiquitous across mammalsto this day, including in humans (Anikinet al., 2017). Indeed, a strong tradition of research has centered on purported conceptual relationships between higher frequencies and “smallness”, and lower frequencies and “bigness”. Sound symbolism –the nonarbitrary mapping of between sounds of speech and features they describe –has a long history in 49phonetics and linguistics(e.g. Ohala, 1984; Sapir, 1929) and the notion is still quite alive (Ekström, 2022; Lockwood & Dingemanse, 2015
PAPER IN REVIEW Evolutionary phonetics: Review and synthesis
Axel G. Ekström1*, Steven Moran2,3, & Jens Edlund1341Division of Speech, Music & Hearing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel63Department of Anthropology, University of Miami
Keywords: Evolution of speech, Articulatory phonetics, Speech acoustics, Animal vocalization, Phonology
Abstract.
Phonetics, the science of human speechsounds, has a rich history informed by both 14humanistic and natural sciences. Across societies, typically developing humans speak and 15exhibit universal patterns of speech-centric activity. Paradoxically, however, much of evolutionary language science hasexcludedor reduced language’s primary medium, often at the expense of significant potential progress. The purpose of this review is twofold: to review 18major research efforts by phoneticians with bearing on the evolution of spoken language; and 19to outline future directions for an evolutionary science of communicative acoustics.
Introduction
Speech is the primary medium of human languageand is practiced in everyday life by all 24typically developing humans.Given this unparalleled ubiquity, it is surprising that theories of 25language evolution routinely fail to acknowledge or incorporate central findings from the study 26of human speech. The purpose of this review is to presentthe core findings of past and ongoing efforts and to contrast these contributions of language evolution with other prevalent theories. 28The perhaps most prevalent description of speech is the source-filter theory, which models 29speech as composed of two largely independent entities, the voice “source”, from the vocal 30
of the larynx, and the supralaryngeal vocal tract “filter” of that signal, where a range of 31articulatory gestures are affected that change the resonances of the vocal tract (Fant, 1960).32The voice source serves as the physiological origin of fundamental frequency, perceived as 33voice or pitch by human listeners. The range of speech signals, vowel and consonant phonemes are created in the filter, by the imposition of narrow constrictions inside the supralaryngeal vocal tract using one or more articulators, including the velum, lips, and tongue. Evolutionary perspectives on frequency Comparative laryngologist Victor Negus (1949) traced the origin of the mammalian phonatory organs to the “primitive” lungfish, whereaprecursor of the larynx served as a sphincter to close off the “lungs” (swimbladder)when immersed in water. A series of mutations and adaptations through the process of natural selection gave rise to the combined body of cartilage and muscle that constitute the modern larynx. The behavioral basis for mammalian phonation, too, is likewise phylogenetically ancient. Panksepp (2010) speculated that the first uses of voiced calls were those of pain, and of distressed infants,uttered when separated from their mothers; soon after, calls may have beencoopted for deterring predators. Such uses remain ubiquitous across mammalsto this day, including in humans (Anikinet al., 2017). Indeed, a strong tradition of research has centered on purported conceptual relationships between higher frequencies and “smallness”, and lower frequencies and “bigness”. Sound symbolism –the nonarbitrary mapping of between sounds of speech and features they describe –has a long history in 49phonetics and linguistics(e.g. Ohala, 1984; Sapir, 1929) and the notion is still quite alive (Ekström, 2022; Lockwood & Dingemanse, 2015
Daud Deden
Sep 17, 2023, 2:31:23 AM9/17/23
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Quaffe cafe
Kom @ODut: cup, bowl
Daud Deden
Sep 17, 2023, 7:30:05 AM9/17/23
to
To home/hone in on a target
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/hone-in-or-home-in
'Hone in' is an "eggcorn" [mispronunciation] of 'home in' (re. homing pigeons)
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/hone-in-or-home-in
'Hone in' is an "eggcorn" [mispronunciation] of 'home in' (re. homing pigeons)
sci.lang
Sep 19, 2023, 1:22:04 PM9/19/23
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Same pattern in language, human cells & marine biomass.
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/catalog-human-cells-math-pattern
cell number is determined by cell division, a process that, when it goes haywire, leads to cancer. Understanding basic features of cells like size and number, Hatton says, “could help us understand abnormalities.”
Even though it’s been seen in language, ocean biomass and now human cells, the origins of the inverse size-number pattern are still a puzzle. But Hatton says its commonality “might be implying that there’s some deep, underlying mechanism that could be common to all these different things. But we’re not there yet
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/catalog-human-cells-math-pattern
cell number is determined by cell division, a process that, when it goes haywire, leads to cancer. Understanding basic features of cells like size and number, Hatton says, “could help us understand abnormalities.”
Even though it’s been seen in language, ocean biomass and now human cells, the origins of the inverse size-number pattern are still a puzzle. But Hatton says its commonality “might be implying that there’s some deep, underlying mechanism that could be common to all these different things. But we’re not there yet
Ross Clark
Sep 19, 2023, 7:45:34 PM9/19/23
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In the language case ("Zipf's Law"), the correlation is driven by a
small number (50? 100?) of grammatical words which are extremely
frequent. You need one or more of these pretty much every time you open
your mouth. Grammatical words get reduced through sound change at a rate
higher than the general vocabulary. Just a matter of efficiency. They
convey information, but there are so few that you can get away with
reducing their distinctive phonetic features. (This happens even more
extremely with those that cease to be separate words and become affixes,
which are often single segments.)
You can see this happening in speeded-up time in the history of
Melanesian Pidgin ( > Creole), where belong > blong > bl- (possessive)
or by-and-by > bambai > ba (future), all within a century or so.
Daud Deden
Sep 20, 2023, 12:32:08 AM9/20/23
to
Human cells, human language, and ancient derivation of our tetrapod ancestors from the ocean may have established via biological evolution an unconscious pattern of social behaviour (including cellular behaviour & communication), particularly regarding tendencies towards greater efficiencies.
Drifting along...
If grammatical words tend to shrink, they presumably disappear in some cases.
Quorum sensing occurs when a few isolated individuals merge into groups and then develop into specialized castes, eg. Strep bacteria in the mouth form a plaque on teeth, the inner layer germs become different from the outer layer germs. This may be universal.
Spanish a/to, y/and, o/or have shrunk to single vowels, are heavily used.
Peter T. Daniels
Sep 20, 2023, 10:36:10 AM9/20/23
to
On Tuesday, September 19, 2023 at 7:45:34 PM UTC-4, Ross Clark wrote:
> On 20/09/2023 5:22 a.m., sci.lang wrote:
> > Same pattern in language, human cells & marine biomass.
> >
> > https://www.sciencenews.org/article/catalog-human-cells-math-pattern
> >
> > cell number is determined by cell division, a process that, when it goes haywire, leads to cancer. Understanding basic features of cells like size and number, Hatton says, “could help us understand abnormalities.”
> >
> > Even though it’s been seen in language, ocean biomass and now human cells, the origins of the inverse size-number pattern are still a puzzle. But Hatton says its commonality “might be implying that there’s some deep, underlying mechanism that could be common to all these different things. But we’re not there yet
> >
> I doubt that it will turn out to be some deep cosmic principle.
>
> In the language case ("Zipf's Law"), the correlation is driven by a
Zipf's Law has always seemed to me to be a total tautology.
> > Same pattern in language, human cells & marine biomass.
> >
> > https://www.sciencenews.org/article/catalog-human-cells-math-pattern
> >
> > cell number is determined by cell division, a process that, when it goes haywire, leads to cancer. Understanding basic features of cells like size and number, Hatton says, “could help us understand abnormalities.”
> >
> > Even though it’s been seen in language, ocean biomass and now human cells, the origins of the inverse size-number pattern are still a puzzle. But Hatton says its commonality “might be implying that there’s some deep, underlying mechanism that could be common to all these different things. But we’re not there yet
> >
> I doubt that it will turn out to be some deep cosmic principle.
>
> In the language case ("Zipf's Law"), the correlation is driven by a
And when I read George Miller's preface to the MIT reprint for
the first time recently, I found he seems to say the same thing.
Daud Deden
Sep 20, 2023, 10:53:35 AM9/20/23
to
From an old chat, on doorways & memories
Sent: Saturday, 19 November 2011, 21:34
Subject: Re: RV absent in humans
Hi Bill,
your mention of "ground nests" for human ancestors is, to me, a bit confusing. Have you come across any evidence that humans have ever made huts like gorilla ground nests, or are you considering all homes on the ground as "ground nests", which would include structures similar to the snow domes of arctic seals (Eskimo igloos) or the dome lodges of beavers (presumably "beaver" is from "weaver") (Pygmy dome huts) or the roundhouses on stilts (as in Egypt and Scotland)?
I consider the shingled inverted dome-bowl huts to be specifically human, and likely related to the Chrom. 2 inversion, and I think it affected human evolution. Please see this article for the effects of entering a room:
"Radvansky found that the subjects forgot more after walking through a doorway compared to moving the same distance across a room, suggesting that the doorway or "event boundary" impedes one's ability to retrieve thoughts or decisions made in a different room".
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-11/uond-wtd111811.php
Interesting that entering through a doorway affects the mind. Humans are the only hominioids whose night-time boundaries exclude the sky (great apes sleep in bowl nests above forest floor). (link to submerging into water?)
I think "entering" is part of what made us human, as opposed to hopping into or climbing into a nest.
Words that mean "Inside", interior or in the hut:
West Africa Yoruba: inu
Congo Mbuti: endu/ra
Ethiopian Amharic: indani
Ancient Greek: endo/r
Spanish/Latin: at/ento (tent?)
German: immer (room is zimmer)
Sri Lanka Singhalese: daram (tent = kudaram)
Malay/Indonesian: dalam (tent = kemah)
English: entry/enter/interior/end/inside
DDeden
Sent: Saturday, 19 November 2011, 21:34
Subject: Re: RV absent in humans
Hi Bill,
your mention of "ground nests" for human ancestors is, to me, a bit confusing. Have you come across any evidence that humans have ever made huts like gorilla ground nests, or are you considering all homes on the ground as "ground nests", which would include structures similar to the snow domes of arctic seals (Eskimo igloos) or the dome lodges of beavers (presumably "beaver" is from "weaver") (Pygmy dome huts) or the roundhouses on stilts (as in Egypt and Scotland)?
I consider the shingled inverted dome-bowl huts to be specifically human, and likely related to the Chrom. 2 inversion, and I think it affected human evolution. Please see this article for the effects of entering a room:
"Radvansky found that the subjects forgot more after walking through a doorway compared to moving the same distance across a room, suggesting that the doorway or "event boundary" impedes one's ability to retrieve thoughts or decisions made in a different room".
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-11/uond-wtd111811.php
Interesting that entering through a doorway affects the mind. Humans are the only hominioids whose night-time boundaries exclude the sky (great apes sleep in bowl nests above forest floor). (link to submerging into water?)
I think "entering" is part of what made us human, as opposed to hopping into or climbing into a nest.
Words that mean "Inside", interior or in the hut:
West Africa Yoruba: inu
Congo Mbuti: endu/ra
Ethiopian Amharic: indani
Ancient Greek: endo/r
Spanish/Latin: at/ento (tent?)
German: immer (room is zimmer)
Sri Lanka Singhalese: daram (tent = kudaram)
Malay/Indonesian: dalam (tent = kemah)
English: entry/enter/interior/end/inside
DDeden
Daud Deden
Sep 20, 2023, 9:37:17 PM9/20/23
to
Daud Deden
Sep 21, 2023, 6:49:58 AM9/21/23
to
Oldest structure? Kalambo falls, Zambia: 476ka spearfishing platform? Or Lincoln Logs cabin??
https://news.liverpool.ac.uk/2023/09/20/archaeologists-discover-worlds-oldest-wooden-structure/
My response: They were seasonally nomadic, as I've always said. They did not move camp every day or week. Every year they would move back around old sites, this gave flora and fauna there time to reproduce & grow.
Article says 'large logs' but those are small logs from small adult trees, not large logs from giant trees of the forest.
Must have been a seasonal flood that buried it., silt washed down onto it and clogged.
No crocs near that site above the Kalambo Falls, afaik, only below the Falls.
The modern human population with the oldest genome are the 400ka Mbo, now in Nigeria-Cameroon iirc.
Kala-Mbo?
Mbo means mother in some African tongues.
I don't know the etymology of "kalambo".
My guess:
kala ~ kara @Turkish: black
kala ~ gelap @Mly: dark
kala ~ covered @Egl cf wombelly?
+
mbo mother-parent-ancestor
ebu @Flores, Indon : ancestor
ebu @Bajau : ancestor
The Amerindians around Seattle WA built platforms to spear migrating salmon.
Terra Amata is another claimed ancient structure, a hut with 2 columns and supporting beam.
https://news.liverpool.ac.uk/2023/09/20/archaeologists-discover-worlds-oldest-wooden-structure/
My response: They were seasonally nomadic, as I've always said. They did not move camp every day or week. Every year they would move back around old sites, this gave flora and fauna there time to reproduce & grow.
Article says 'large logs' but those are small logs from small adult trees, not large logs from giant trees of the forest.
Must have been a seasonal flood that buried it., silt washed down onto it and clogged.
No crocs near that site above the Kalambo Falls, afaik, only below the Falls.
The modern human population with the oldest genome are the 400ka Mbo, now in Nigeria-Cameroon iirc.
Kala-Mbo?
Mbo means mother in some African tongues.
I don't know the etymology of "kalambo".
My guess:
kala ~ kara @Turkish: black
kala ~ gelap @Mly: dark
kala ~ covered @Egl cf wombelly?
+
mbo mother-parent-ancestor
ebu @Flores, Indon : ancestor
ebu @Bajau : ancestor
The Amerindians around Seattle WA built platforms to spear migrating salmon.
Terra Amata is another claimed ancient structure, a hut with 2 columns and supporting beam.
Daud Deden
Sep 22, 2023, 8:13:23 AM9/22/23
to
Pseudograins
Despite its name, buckwheat is not closely related to wheat. It is not a cereal, nor is it even a member of the grass family. Buckwheat is related to sorrel, knotweed, and rhubarb, and is known as a pseudocereal because its seeds' culinary use is the same as cereals, owing to their high starch content.
Etymology
The name "buckwheat" or "beech wheat" comes from its tetrahedral seeds, which resemble the much larger seeds of the beech nut from the beech tree, and the fact that it is used like wheat. The word may be a translation of Middle Dutch boecweite: boec "beech" (Modern Dutch beuk; see PIE *bhago-) and weite "wheat" (Mod. Dut. tarwe, antiquated weit), or maybe a native formation on the same model as the Dutch word.[4]
Despite its name, buckwheat is not closely related to wheat. It is not a cereal, nor is it even a member of the grass family. Buckwheat is related to sorrel, knotweed, and rhubarb, and is known as a pseudocereal because its seeds' culinary use is the same as cereals, owing to their high starch content.
Etymology
The name "buckwheat" or "beech wheat" comes from its tetrahedral seeds, which resemble the much larger seeds of the beech nut from the beech tree, and the fact that it is used like wheat. The word may be a translation of Middle Dutch boecweite: boec "beech" (Modern Dutch beuk; see PIE *bhago-) and weite "wheat" (Mod. Dut. tarwe, antiquated weit), or maybe a native formation on the same model as the Dutch word.[4]
Message has been deleted
Daud Deden
Sep 22, 2023, 10:44:46 AM9/22/23
to
On Friday, September 22, 2023 at 10:42:30 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> Pseudonuts
>
> Are Cashews Nuts?
> Cashews are grouped with tree nuts but also share characteristics with legumes and seeds. They grow on cashew trees, inside a kidney-shaped drupe. The tree produces a fleshy, pear-shaped stalk called a cashew apple on its branches. Yet, this part of the plant isn’t the fruit.
>
> Instead, the true fruit is a smaller, kidney-shaped structure that grows underneath the cashew apple, also known as a drupe. Inside the fruit is where you find the edible seed that most people know as a cashew nut (2Trusted Source).
>
> Thus, because of the plant’s structural configuration, the edible portion of a cashew is botanically classified as a drupe seed.
>
> The seed and its outer shell are technically considered both the nut and the fruit, but the shell is inedible due to the presence of a toxic substance. This is why you only ever see shelled cashews at your local market (2Trusted Source).
>
> SUMMARY
> Cashews are botanically classified as seeds because they grow inside the cashew fruit, which is also known as a drupe.
>
> Comparison with legumes
> Though cashews are drupe seeds, they’re sometimes confused with legumes.
>
> Legumes are also plants that produce edible seeds, but they typically grow alongside other seeds within a single pod. As the plant matures, the pod eventually splits down the middle, freeing the edible seeds inside.
>
> Beans and peas are among the most common types of legumes, but peanuts are a great example of a “nut” that’s really a legume. Much like peanuts, cashews can be easily split down the middle (3Trusted Source).
>
> However, because cashews develop in a hard shell within a drupe instead of a pod, they aren’t considered part of the legume family.
>
> SUMMARY
> Cashews are structurally similar to legumes like peanuts. Yet, due to the way they grow, they’re not considered part of the legume family.
>
> Culinary classification
> Technically, cashews are not nuts, but they’re often classified as such. That’s because they share many nutritional and culinary attributes with other true nuts like hazelnuts and chestnuts.
>
> Oddly enough, many of the most popular “nuts” aren’t true nuts either. Walnuts, almonds, pistachios, and pecans are also seeds of drupes — just like cashews (5Trusted Source).
The English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree: caju (Portuguese pronunciation: [kaˈʒu]), also known as acaju, which itself is from the Tupian word acajú, literally meaning "nut that produces itself".[1][2]
>
> Are Cashews Nuts?
> Cashews are grouped with tree nuts but also share characteristics with legumes and seeds. They grow on cashew trees, inside a kidney-shaped drupe. The tree produces a fleshy, pear-shaped stalk called a cashew apple on its branches. Yet, this part of the plant isn’t the fruit.
>
> Instead, the true fruit is a smaller, kidney-shaped structure that grows underneath the cashew apple, also known as a drupe. Inside the fruit is where you find the edible seed that most people know as a cashew nut (2Trusted Source).
>
> Thus, because of the plant’s structural configuration, the edible portion of a cashew is botanically classified as a drupe seed.
>
> The seed and its outer shell are technically considered both the nut and the fruit, but the shell is inedible due to the presence of a toxic substance. This is why you only ever see shelled cashews at your local market (2Trusted Source).
>
> SUMMARY
> Cashews are botanically classified as seeds because they grow inside the cashew fruit, which is also known as a drupe.
>
> Comparison with legumes
> Though cashews are drupe seeds, they’re sometimes confused with legumes.
>
> Legumes are also plants that produce edible seeds, but they typically grow alongside other seeds within a single pod. As the plant matures, the pod eventually splits down the middle, freeing the edible seeds inside.
>
> Beans and peas are among the most common types of legumes, but peanuts are a great example of a “nut” that’s really a legume. Much like peanuts, cashews can be easily split down the middle (3Trusted Source).
>
> However, because cashews develop in a hard shell within a drupe instead of a pod, they aren’t considered part of the legume family.
>
> SUMMARY
> Cashews are structurally similar to legumes like peanuts. Yet, due to the way they grow, they’re not considered part of the legume family.
>
> Culinary classification
> Technically, cashews are not nuts, but they’re often classified as such. That’s because they share many nutritional and culinary attributes with other true nuts like hazelnuts and chestnuts.
>
> Oddly enough, many of the most popular “nuts” aren’t true nuts either. Walnuts, almonds, pistachios, and pecans are also seeds of drupes — just like cashews (5Trusted Source).
The English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree: caju (Portuguese pronunciation: [kaˈʒu]), also known as acaju, which itself is from the Tupian word acajú, literally meaning "nut that produces itself".[1][2]
Ruud Harmsen
Sep 22, 2023, 1:23:18 PM9/22/23
to
Wed, 20 Sep 2023 07:53:32 -0700 (PDT): Daud Deden
<daud....@gmail.com> scribeva:
Are you confusing this with the English word "inner", or with the
German word "innen"? Those too have no relation with Zimmer
whatsoever. Just none.
>Sri Lanka Singhalese: daram (tent = kudaram)
--
Ruud Harmsen, https://rudhar.com
<daud....@gmail.com> scribeva:
>German: immer (room is zimmer)
German "immer" means always, and Zimmer has nothing to do with it.
Are you confusing this with the English word "inner", or with the
German word "innen"? Those too have no relation with Zimmer
whatsoever. Just none.
>Sri Lanka Singhalese: daram (tent = kudaram)
Ruud Harmsen, https://rudhar.com
Daud Deden
Sep 22, 2023, 11:47:37 PM9/22/23
to
On Friday, September 22, 2023 at 1:23:18 PM UTC-4, Ruud Harmsen wrote:
> Wed, 20 Sep 2023 07:53:32 -0700 (PDT): Daud Deden
> <daud....@gmail.com> scribeva:
> >German: immer (room is zimmer)
> German "immer" means always, and Zimmer has nothing to do with it.
> Are you confusing this with the English word "inner", or with the
> German word "innen"?
No, immerse @Egl via LLtn immersioner, to dip into, which would appear to fit with zimmer. But not in this case.
> Wed, 20 Sep 2023 07:53:32 -0700 (PDT): Daud Deden
> <daud....@gmail.com> scribeva:
> >German: immer (room is zimmer)
> German "immer" means always, and Zimmer has nothing to do with it.
> Are you confusing this with the English word "inner", or with the
> German word "innen"?
Thanks for checking.
Tim Lang
Sep 23, 2023, 9:29:03 AM9/23/23
to
On 23.09.2023 05:47, Daud Deden wrote:
>On Friday, September 22, 2023 at 1:23:18 PM UTC-4, Ruud Harmsen wrote:
>
>>Wed, 20 Sep 2023 07:53:32 -0700 (PDT): Daud Deden
>><daud....@gmail.com> scribeva:
>>>German: immer (room is zimmer)
>>
>>German "immer" means always, and Zimmer has nothing to do with it.
>>Are you confusing this with the English word "inner", or with the
>>German word "innen"?
BTW: inner is German as well; e.g. innerhalb (which in Swiss
>On Friday, September 22, 2023 at 1:23:18 PM UTC-4, Ruud Harmsen wrote:
>
>>Wed, 20 Sep 2023 07:53:32 -0700 (PDT): Daud Deden
>><daud....@gmail.com> scribeva:
>>>German: immer (room is zimmer)
>>
>>German "immer" means always, and Zimmer has nothing to do with it.
>>Are you confusing this with the English word "inner", or with the
>>German word "innen"?
German (a.k.a. Alemanian) is also called innert, roughly meaning
"during"); Innerei,-en ("innards, viscera"); Inneres.
("interior; inside; inner")
Example for the usage of German Innen- and Inner- in "interior
ministry / dept. of domestic affairs": Innenministerium and
also Ministerium für innere Angelegenheiten; Ministerium des
Innern; Ministerium für Inneres. And there is a third synonym
used in certain circumstances: binnen. E.g. Binnenwirtschaft
"home/domestic economy"; Binnenschifffahrt etc all in the
sense of "interior/home". In low German binnen un buten means
in standard German innen & außen/aussen. (Compare Dutch binnen
& buiten.)
tv section of the channel Radio Bremen
(the region is part of the area of the low German dialects)
<https://www.butenunbinnen.de/>
*
immer ("always") and Zimmer (room, chamber) aren't akin.
Immer is assumed to have been from thecombination je + mehr
(in the forms of the "old high German" era of German).
Zimmer had (in the old high German era) its inception as zimbar, akin
to English timber (and having this meaning, i.e., timber/lumber).
(Zimmer - by meaning and form - might seem akin to chamber < Fr. chambre
< Lat. camera "arched roof" < Greek kamara "vault". But it seems that
there was no kamara <=> zimbar link, although both referred to aspects
of house constructions or structures.)
>No, immerse @Egl via LLtn immersioner, to dip into, which would appear
>to fit with zimmer. >But not in this case. Thanks for checking.
in + the verb mergere => immergere, immersus est => ... French/Engl
immers- (-e; -ion).
Tim
Christian Weisgerber
Sep 23, 2023, 11:30:07 AM9/23/23
to
On 2023-09-23, Tim Lang <m...@privacy.net> wrote:
>>>German "immer" means always, and Zimmer has nothing to do with it.
>>>Are you confusing this with the English word "inner", or with the
>>>German word "innen"?
>
> BTW: inner is German as well;
Oh, this is weird. "Inner" is an adjective that can only appear
>>>German "immer" means always, and Zimmer has nothing to do with it.
>>>Are you confusing this with the English word "inner", or with the
>>>German word "innen"?
>
> BTW: inner is German as well;
in attributive position, which is why Duden.de lists it by the
complex headword "innere, innerer, inneres". The predicative form
is "innen". Dictionaries list "innen" as an adverb, though.
English "inner" can only be used attributively as well, and they
both came about as comparatives of an old adverb "inne".
--
Christian "naddy" Weisgerber na...@mips.inka.de
Daud Deden
Sep 23, 2023, 2:52:01 PM9/23/23
to
Zimbar ~ barrel-like? ~ chamber of staves/sticks/saplings
Kamar @Mly: room (via Hindi or Persian?)
Kamara @Grk: vault
(Pieces fit together to make) a barrel/chamber/ark/basket/tub
Couple, zuber-zimbar, teba-gopher-kohvar-kufa(rigolu)
Xyuambuatl chamber(ed), wamba(ll)/(wom)bel(l/t/le/ly), zimbar
I'm not entirely rejecting immer & zimmer linkage:
Immer = always ~ all ways around (360°) a dome hut (inside?)
Umwelt = surrounding environment (outside?)
(Xyuam)buatl birth/vault/bottle
Innate, inert opposites of ate, ert?
DD
Ross Clark
Sep 23, 2023, 4:12:15 PM9/23/23
to
from the prolific *gen- root)
Inert < Lat iners, inert- 'unskilful, inactive, idle' < in- (not) + art-
(ars, art- 'skill, occupation etc.')
Daud Deden
Sep 23, 2023, 9:13:14 PM9/23/23
to
Seems that in- (inside) is ancient via en(du/do) and ante- {pre-gn-ant before birth in?}
while in- (not) is more recent derived from anti-, perhaps from a different dialect source.
Daud Deden
Sep 23, 2023, 11:35:30 PM9/23/23
to
I remain a bit skeptical about both finds, but accept their significance in paleo-antheopology & human prehistory.
Zig-zag on ancient shell may rewrite art and human history
On a prehistoric white shell fossil from the island of Java, tiny zig-zag shaped scratches may etch out the beginning of art history, and rewrite our human history. A study published in Nature this week found that the markings on the shell were between 430,000 and 540,000 years old, making it older than any art created by humans or Neanderthals.
“It rewrites human history,” said Stephen Munro, lead author of the study, in an interview with The Guardian
Ross Clark
Sep 25, 2023, 12:38:59 AM9/25/23
to
un-, Greek and Sanskrit a-. It's the minimal form of *ne, from whence
come all those negative n- words in IE languages.
Daud Deden
Sep 25, 2023, 3:41:07 AM9/25/23
to
New IE language discovered in Turkey, in cuneiform:
https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/new-indo-european-language-discovered/
Daud Deden
Sep 25, 2023, 3:57:09 AM9/25/23
to
And special cases, such as unmeasurable & immeasurable, probably reflecting recent dialect differentiation & specializations.
In Malay, tidak = no, bukan = not so.
In Mandarin, good, not good, very good = hau, bu hau, hung hau.
Daud Deden
Sep 25, 2023, 8:19:28 AM9/25/23
to
Not, negate (xy)UAMBUA(tl) ~ Vm/bV- > VnV-, im- > in-, n̩, un-, a(m)-, bu, bu(k)a(n), ope(n), oppo(-nent, -site) where po- = put, set, make, bua(-t/-ng/-h) @Mly: make-born/eject/fruit) cf bu(ng)a @Mly: flower. (Bu?a > bunga, bukan, buka (open))
So Vm-/Vne- @IE ~ bu(a)- @Chn, Mly ~ open/oppose (arms/petals out); image (body vs antibody), superimpose, c.opy, even in photo 'negatives'.
What is the root word of opposite?
The word has Latin roots, from op, “in front of,” and ponere, “to put” — think about putting something up against something else. Related words are opponent, "the person you're up against in a game," and oppose, "to disagree." Definitions of opposite. adjective. being directly across from each other; facing.
Daud Deden
Sep 25, 2023, 8:43:12 AM9/25/23
to
Parent = one who blooms/flowers-fruits-fertilizes
Ebu/mbo ancestor/mother uambua not-child wamba
Christian Weisgerber
Sep 25, 2023, 9:30:07 AM9/25/23
to
On 2023-09-25, Daud Deden <daud....@gmail.com> wrote:
> New IE language discovered in Turkey, in cuneiform:
>
> https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/new-indo-european-language-discovered/
Not very exciting unless you are an expert in Anatolian:
> New IE language discovered in Turkey, in cuneiform:
>
> https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/new-indo-european-language-discovered/
| Professor Elisabeth Rieken (Philipps-Universität Marburg), a specialist
| in ancient Anatolian languages, has confirmed that the idiom belongs to
| the family of Anatolian-Indo-European languages.
|
| According to Rieken, despite its geographic proximity to the area where
| Palaic was spoken, the text seems to share more features with Luwian.
| How closely the language of Kalasma is related to the other Luwian
| dialects of Late Bronze Age Anatolia will be the subject of further
| investigation.
Daud Deden
Sep 25, 2023, 11:09:27 AM9/25/23
to
On Monday, September 25, 2023 at 9:30:07 AM UTC-4, Christian Weisgerber wrote:
> On 2023-09-25, Daud Deden <daud....@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > New IE language discovered in Turkey, in cuneiform:
> >
> > https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/new-indo-european-language-discovered/
> Not very exciting unless you are an expert in Anatolian:
That would not be me. My guess: pre-proto-Albanian.
> On 2023-09-25, Daud Deden <daud....@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > New IE language discovered in Turkey, in cuneiform:
> >
> > https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/new-indo-european-language-discovered/
> Not very exciting unless you are an expert in Anatolian:
Peter T. Daniels
Sep 25, 2023, 12:21:20 PM9/25/23
to
On Monday, September 25, 2023 at 9:30:07 AM UTC-4, Christian Weisgerber wrote:
Luvian is attested in two dialects, one written with cuneiform, one written
with the so-called "Hittite hieroglyphs." The cuneiform varieties of both
come only from Boghazkoy, even though they were spoken elsewhere,
but Hieroglyphic Luvian is found widely (though sparsely) across
southern Anatolia.
Daud Deden
Sep 25, 2023, 10:35:08 PM9/25/23
to
Chilblains
"cold-sore," 1540s, from chill (n.) + blain "inflamed swelling or sore on skin."
Fantods
You have got strong symptoms of the fantods; your skin is so tight you can't shut your eyes without opening your mouth." Thus, American author Charles Frederick Briggs provides us with an early recorded use of fantods in 1839. Mark Twain used the word to refer to uneasiness or restlessness as shown by nervous movements—also known as the fidgets—in Huckleberry Finn: "They was all nice pictures, I reckon, but I didn't somehow seem to take to them, because … they always give me the fantods."
The exact origin of fantod remains a mystery, but it may have arisen from English dialectal fantigue—a word (once used by Charles Dickens) that refers to a state of great tension or excitement and may be a blend of fantastic and fatigue.
"cold-sore," 1540s, from chill (n.) + blain "inflamed swelling or sore on skin."
Fantods
You have got strong symptoms of the fantods; your skin is so tight you can't shut your eyes without opening your mouth." Thus, American author Charles Frederick Briggs provides us with an early recorded use of fantods in 1839. Mark Twain used the word to refer to uneasiness or restlessness as shown by nervous movements—also known as the fidgets—in Huckleberry Finn: "They was all nice pictures, I reckon, but I didn't somehow seem to take to them, because … they always give me the fantods."
The exact origin of fantod remains a mystery, but it may have arisen from English dialectal fantigue—a word (once used by Charles Dickens) that refers to a state of great tension or excitement and may be a blend of fantastic and fatigue.
Daud Deden
Sep 29, 2023, 1:57:42 AM9/29/23
to
Osotua & tzedakah
https://phys.org/news/2023-09-kindness-persisted-competitive-worldcultural-evolution.html
On Yom Kippur, many Jewish people spend much of—if not all—their day at synagogue. We fast and ask for forgiveness for the wrongs we've committed, and consider how we can improve ourselves. A major part of this is recognizing the customs of gift-giving in Judaism, which are given the umbrella term tzedakah.
Tzedakah has several features that help to guide us around generosity. Strangely, however, some of these also accord with expectations from evolutionary theory, which defines altruism as something that is possible only when we don't receive anything back—including adulation—for our charitable acts.
The Maasai people of Kenya practice osotua: relationships between people that operate based on need. When someone forms an osotua relationship (the term translates literally into English as "umbilical cord") with another, they enter into an unwritten contract to help their partner in times of need.
https://phys.org/news/2023-09-kindness-persisted-competitive-worldcultural-evolution.html
On Yom Kippur, many Jewish people spend much of—if not all—their day at synagogue. We fast and ask for forgiveness for the wrongs we've committed, and consider how we can improve ourselves. A major part of this is recognizing the customs of gift-giving in Judaism, which are given the umbrella term tzedakah.
Tzedakah has several features that help to guide us around generosity. Strangely, however, some of these also accord with expectations from evolutionary theory, which defines altruism as something that is possible only when we don't receive anything back—including adulation—for our charitable acts.
The Maasai people of Kenya practice osotua: relationships between people that operate based on need. When someone forms an osotua relationship (the term translates literally into English as "umbilical cord") with another, they enter into an unwritten contract to help their partner in times of need.
Daud Deden
Sep 29, 2023, 3:02:41 AM9/29/23
to
Umbilical ~ wombel(t/l)e ~ (xy) uambuatla opening, mongolu dome doorway
Daud Deden
Sep 30, 2023, 2:08:47 AM9/30/23
to
https://youtu.be/o2u0UvRE1VQ?si=dCkiJyUg4TpzWrIZ
Huhu grubs, NZ Maori delicacy
Fufu Samoan: fart
Mly kentut fart
Huhu grubs, NZ Maori delicacy
Fufu Samoan: fart
Mly kentut fart
Daud Deden
Oct 1, 2023, 7:07:53 PM10/1/23
to
Winds
Scirocco @Spn? humid winds from eastern seas
Simoom @Arb? desert winds
Levant.or @Spn? winds from mountain gaps
Scirocco is a hot, dust-laden wind that blows on the northern Mediterranean coast, especially in Italy, Malta, and Sicily. It originates in the Libyan deserts.
Sciroccos are hot, humid southeast to southwest winds that originate in Northern Africa. They occur when low pressure systems move across the Mediterranean Sea, pulling warm, dry air from nearby deserts northward. They can reach hurricane speeds in North Africa and Southern Europe, especially during the summer season
The word "simoom" is an Arabic word that means "poison wind". It refers to a strong, hot, dry, dust-laden wind that blows in the Sahara, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and the deserts of Arabian Peninsula. The wind is generated by the extreme heat of the parched deserts or sandy plains.
The wind can cause heatstroke because it brings more heat to the human body than is removed by the evaporation of perspiration.
The word "simoom" comes from the root s-m-m, which means "to poison"
The levant is an easterly wind that blows in the western Mediterranean Sea and southern France, an example of mountain-gap wind. In Roussillon it is called "llevant" and in Corsica "levante".
Scirocco @Spn? humid winds from eastern seas
Simoom @Arb? desert winds
Levant.or @Spn? winds from mountain gaps
Scirocco is a hot, dust-laden wind that blows on the northern Mediterranean coast, especially in Italy, Malta, and Sicily. It originates in the Libyan deserts.
Sciroccos are hot, humid southeast to southwest winds that originate in Northern Africa. They occur when low pressure systems move across the Mediterranean Sea, pulling warm, dry air from nearby deserts northward. They can reach hurricane speeds in North Africa and Southern Europe, especially during the summer season
The word "simoom" is an Arabic word that means "poison wind". It refers to a strong, hot, dry, dust-laden wind that blows in the Sahara, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and the deserts of Arabian Peninsula. The wind is generated by the extreme heat of the parched deserts or sandy plains.
The wind can cause heatstroke because it brings more heat to the human body than is removed by the evaporation of perspiration.
The word "simoom" comes from the root s-m-m, which means "to poison"
The levant is an easterly wind that blows in the western Mediterranean Sea and southern France, an example of mountain-gap wind. In Roussillon it is called "llevant" and in Corsica "levante".
Daud Deden
Oct 6, 2023, 11:21:43 AM10/6/23
to
The scariest sound on the African savanna is not the lion's roar, but the human voice.
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/05/science/humans-lions-fear-sounds.html?campaign_id=9&emc=edit_nn_20231006&instance_id=104556&nl=the-morning®i_id=105029039&segment_id=146652&te=1&user_id=977f157dc53ce95cb2af5b4886b3e41d
Daud Deden
Oct 8, 2023, 6:14:42 AM10/8/23
to
Kraal, boma: corral, stock.ade, pen-fen.ce, thorn acacia ring enclosure surrounding livestock and huts (crown of thorns?) fortified village
Ambushing lions: "The lion can not get into the boma unless he jumps up and comes in from the top. It is the function of the hunter to prevent this strategic manœuver by killing the lion before he gets in. If he does not, he is likely to find himself engaged in a spirited hand-to-hand fight with an unfriendly lion in a space about as big as the upper berth of a sleeping-car." - John T. McCutcheon, cartoonist for the Chicago Tribune, 1910.
In fact, the word boma has much deeper roots in languages spoken in the Africa Great Lakes, whether as a word of Bantu origin or a loan word from Persian. The Oxford English Dictionary ascribes the first use to the adventurer Henry Morton Stanley, in his book Through the Dark Continent (1878): 'From the staked bomas..there rise to my hearing the bleating of young calves.'[3] The term is also used throughout Stanley's earlier book How I found Livingstone(1871) '...we pitched our camp, built a boma of thorny acacia, and other tree branches, by stacking them round our camp...'[4] Krapf's A Dictionary of the Suahili Language (1882) defines boma as 'a palisade or stockade serving as a kind of fortification to towns and villages...may consist of stones or poles, or of an impenetrable thicket of thorns,' though he does not give an origin for the word. Boma also appears in Band's 'Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon' (1920), which indicates the word was in use in Tanganyika long before it fell under the control of the British. Johnson's Standard Swahili-English Dictionary (1939) suggests boma comes from a Persian word, buum, which he says means 'garrison, place where one can dwell in safety
Ambushing lions: "The lion can not get into the boma unless he jumps up and comes in from the top. It is the function of the hunter to prevent this strategic manœuver by killing the lion before he gets in. If he does not, he is likely to find himself engaged in a spirited hand-to-hand fight with an unfriendly lion in a space about as big as the upper berth of a sleeping-car." - John T. McCutcheon, cartoonist for the Chicago Tribune, 1910.
In fact, the word boma has much deeper roots in languages spoken in the Africa Great Lakes, whether as a word of Bantu origin or a loan word from Persian. The Oxford English Dictionary ascribes the first use to the adventurer Henry Morton Stanley, in his book Through the Dark Continent (1878): 'From the staked bomas..there rise to my hearing the bleating of young calves.'[3] The term is also used throughout Stanley's earlier book How I found Livingstone(1871) '...we pitched our camp, built a boma of thorny acacia, and other tree branches, by stacking them round our camp...'[4] Krapf's A Dictionary of the Suahili Language (1882) defines boma as 'a palisade or stockade serving as a kind of fortification to towns and villages...may consist of stones or poles, or of an impenetrable thicket of thorns,' though he does not give an origin for the word. Boma also appears in Band's 'Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon' (1920), which indicates the word was in use in Tanganyika long before it fell under the control of the British. Johnson's Standard Swahili-English Dictionary (1939) suggests boma comes from a Persian word, buum, which he says means 'garrison, place where one can dwell in safety
Daud Deden
Oct 8, 2023, 6:23:31 AM10/8/23
to
On Sunday, October 8, 2023 at 6:14:42 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> Kraal, boma: corral, stock.ade, pen-fen.ce, thorn acacia ring enclosure surrounding livestock and huts (crown of thorns?) fortified village
>
> Ambushing lions: "The lion can not get into the boma unless he jumps up and comes in from the top. It is the function of the hunter to prevent this strategic manœuver by killing the lion before he gets in. If he does not, he is likely to find himself engaged in a spirited hand-to-hand fight with an unfriendly lion in a space about as big as the upper berth of a sleeping-car." - John T. McCutcheon, cartoonist for the Chicago Tribune, 1910.
>
> In fact, the word boma has much deeper roots in languages spoken in the Africa Great Lakes, whether as a word of Bantu origin or a loan word from Persian. The Oxford English Dictionary ascribes the first use to the adventurer Henry Morton Stanley, in his book Through the Dark Continent (1878): 'From the staked bomas..there rise to my hearing the bleating of young calves.'[3] The term is also used throughout Stanley's earlier book How I found Livingstone(1871) '...we pitched our camp, built a boma of thorny acacia, and other tree branches, by stacking them round our camp...'[4] Krapf's A Dictionary of the Suahili Language (1882) defines boma as 'a palisade or stockade serving as a kind of fortification to towns and villages...may consist of stones or poles, or of an impenetrable thicket of thorns,' though he does not give an origin for the word. Boma also appears in Band's 'Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon' (1920), which indicates the word was in use in Tanganyika long before it fell under the control of the British. Johnson's Standard Swahili-English Dictionary (1939) suggests boma comes from a Persian word, buum, which he says means 'garrison, place where one can dwell in safety'.
> Kraal, boma: corral, stock.ade, pen-fen.ce, thorn acacia ring enclosure surrounding livestock and huts (crown of thorns?) fortified village
>
> Ambushing lions: "The lion can not get into the boma unless he jumps up and comes in from the top. It is the function of the hunter to prevent this strategic manœuver by killing the lion before he gets in. If he does not, he is likely to find himself engaged in a spirited hand-to-hand fight with an unfriendly lion in a space about as big as the upper berth of a sleeping-car." - John T. McCutcheon, cartoonist for the Chicago Tribune, 1910.
>
Boma can refer to an impenetrable thicket.
Njama @ Mbuti: impenetrable thicket
Daud Deden
Oct 10, 2023, 10:10:06 PM10/10/23
to
Ross Clark
Oct 13, 2023, 6:36:06 AM10/13/23
to
in Swahili, perhaps only because Arabic is always identified as the main
source; and because I don't think of Persians as great sea traders the
way the Arabs have been. However, OED seems to take the Persian origin
of "boma" at least as a serious possibility, so...
I don't have any serious sources on this question, but here's a list of
what various people have suggested as Persian > Swahili loans:
shali shawl
tamasha show, pageant
cherehani sewing machine
chai tea
cherehe grindstone
maige young locust
staha respect (n)
wazi open, clear
bima insurance
gari wheeled vehicle
achari (achali?) pickle
serikali government
diwani councillor
Knowing little about any of these languages, I can't take any of these
further, except to say that some of them could certainly have come via
Arabic, even if Persian is the ultimate source.
Daud Deden
Oct 13, 2023, 7:01:30 AM10/13/23
to
Bima insurance sounds like it may be linked to boma protective palisade of thorns enclosing younguns.
I noted wazi open, clear; (possibly from xyuambuatlay); wondered if it might relate to US slang 'up the wazoo', but sources say wazoo is from 1961 Berkeley. Strangely, they don't link it to 'up the ass' which is most likely to me, but instead claim it may have derived from razoo raspberry(?).
Earliest attestation is from 1961, Berkeley ('“up yer ol' wazoo”). Merriam-Webster doesn't know. The Oxford ED also doesn't know, but includes a third-party suggestion that it comes from Louisiana Creole 'razoo' meaning 'raspberry', or possibly the French 'oiseau'.
Daud Deden
Oct 13, 2023, 7:41:51 AM10/13/23
to
I am in the process of making a mobile app via appinventor.mit.edu, a translator app, which translates an English word into Spanish, German, Malay, Malagasy. Eg "get" correctly translates. I will add more languages(dialects), it is just a sample, to test. I'll call it Paleo-translator. At the beginning, it will be rife with errors, but with improvements, it may become useful, an attempt to reconstruct a much earlier common human language, perhaps close to the human language spoken 100ka.
I want to get modern comparative words from around the world. I hope to add word lists of ancient tongues, both attested and reconstructed, eg Latin, Ancient Egyptian, IE, ancient Chinese, pre-hispanic aztec Nahuatl, proto-Austronesian, etc. specifically +/- 25 basal terms such as hut, inside/outside, hot/cold, birth etc. avoiding modern tech & agricultural terms. For non-roman scripts, eg. Chinese, Hebrew, I'll include text-to-speech vocalizations where available.
[Google Translate: English "go" > German "go", sounds incorrect to me, should be "geht"?]
I want to get modern comparative words from around the world. I hope to add word lists of ancient tongues, both attested and reconstructed, eg Latin, Ancient Egyptian, IE, ancient Chinese, pre-hispanic aztec Nahuatl, proto-Austronesian, etc. specifically +/- 25 basal terms such as hut, inside/outside, hot/cold, birth etc. avoiding modern tech & agricultural terms. For non-roman scripts, eg. Chinese, Hebrew, I'll include text-to-speech vocalizations where available.
[Google Translate: English "go" > German "go", sounds incorrect to me, should be "geht"?]
Daud Deden
Oct 13, 2023, 9:00:36 AM10/13/23
to
Picturing original human architecture
From primate & rodent dwellings of interlaid twigs & foliage on tree forks, underground burrows with vegetation and fur, tree hollows, great apes construct interlaced branch arboreal bowl nests to sleep in with their infants. About 5ma, genus Homo genetically split from arboreal ape kin, and at some point in time began to sleep on the ground. Parsimoniously, they continued to fashion their terrestrial nests using the same method, but somehow inverted them into dome shells. Arboreal apes tend to build fresh bowl nests every night. At some point, Homo began carrying their dome materials, either assembled or disassembled.
Imagine: a band of hunt&gather archaic humans, sleeping endomed around a climbable escape tree, in a ring of domes. Each adult sleeps independently with a spear/digging stick and sharp flint handaxe, each parent sleeps with their progeny, mother with infant, father with next older weaned child, older siblings share domes with pals.
Insight: dome is too large & bulky to carry far. The uppermost 1/3 is a woven leaf-shingled umbo (later hide cover, still later metal), a buckler, easily carried by anyone. The bottom 2/3 is disassembled during transit into a set of 5 to 10 straight narrow wicker poles 1m long, pointed at one end. These are pre-arrows/atlatl darts/throwing spears. When installed on the umbo(umbrella/parasol/kUPHArigolu) into peripheral orthogonal sockets (zocatl), they form the supporting frame of the dome, which is then leaf-shingled/thatched for all around shelter. Two small holes are dug under the frame to allow airflow, urine drainage and some lemongrass (mosquito repellant) crumpled into balls in the holes prevent vermin entry, and provide handles/zuber to lift dome for egress.
Skirt/kilt/shelter/shield refers to the arrows mounted on the umbo, and the shingle/shake covering.
From primate & rodent dwellings of interlaid twigs & foliage on tree forks, underground burrows with vegetation and fur, tree hollows, great apes construct interlaced branch arboreal bowl nests to sleep in with their infants. About 5ma, genus Homo genetically split from arboreal ape kin, and at some point in time began to sleep on the ground. Parsimoniously, they continued to fashion their terrestrial nests using the same method, but somehow inverted them into dome shells. Arboreal apes tend to build fresh bowl nests every night. At some point, Homo began carrying their dome materials, either assembled or disassembled.
Imagine: a band of hunt&gather archaic humans, sleeping endomed around a climbable escape tree, in a ring of domes. Each adult sleeps independently with a spear/digging stick and sharp flint handaxe, each parent sleeps with their progeny, mother with infant, father with next older weaned child, older siblings share domes with pals.
Insight: dome is too large & bulky to carry far. The uppermost 1/3 is a woven leaf-shingled umbo (later hide cover, still later metal), a buckler, easily carried by anyone. The bottom 2/3 is disassembled during transit into a set of 5 to 10 straight narrow wicker poles 1m long, pointed at one end. These are pre-arrows/atlatl darts/throwing spears. When installed on the umbo(umbrella/parasol/kUPHArigolu) into peripheral orthogonal sockets (zocatl), they form the supporting frame of the dome, which is then leaf-shingled/thatched for all around shelter. Two small holes are dug under the frame to allow airflow, urine drainage and some lemongrass (mosquito repellant) crumpled into balls in the holes prevent vermin entry, and provide handles/zuber to lift dome for egress.
Skirt/kilt/shelter/shield refers to the arrows mounted on the umbo, and the shingle/shake covering.
Daud Deden
Oct 13, 2023, 10:04:32 AM10/13/23
to
XYUa(mb)UATL ~ Tlatl, (sun)ray, radius, rod, array, row, arrow, dart/route/road, shuttle/siotl/shoot/chute/root/ruud?, wood, tool?, tendril?
Tla @Azt: flame
Think of a bonfire with logs in a star pattern * and heating radiating outward.
Umbrella = umbo + ray/rete ☂️
What is the root of rel- in relative? Probably derived from same.
Note: the Mbuti dome isn't portable, doesn't have a separate umbo. But, the poles are pointed at the bottom to pierce the posthole, and at the top an opposing pair of poles are twisted together to hold. This twist is, like the fletching of an arrow, an aerodynamic advantage when thrown at prey, it balances the flight. As a kid, I hunted small game with a gun. My friend used a bow. Shooting birds in the forest, he used special arrows that flew fast but dropped quick (to avoid losing them), they had a stun tip (not sharp), the fletching had a sharp spiral twist, this slowed the flight when it began spinning, where a normal arrow has only a gradual twist allowing a long straight flight (but likely to get lost in heavy woods).
So the Mbuti poles reflect past use of dual usage, as shelter frames and as throwing projectiles. They switched from hard shields to soft nets for hunting. Net = red @Spn.
Peter T. Daniels
Oct 13, 2023, 10:42:59 AM10/13/23
to
On Friday, October 13, 2023 at 6:36:06 AM UTC-4, Ross Clark wrote:
> On 8/10/2023 11:14 p.m., Daud Deden wrote:
> > Kraal, boma: corral, stock.ade, pen-fen.ce, thorn acacia ring enclosure surrounding livestock and huts (crown of thorns?) fortified village
> > Ambushing lions: "The lion can not get into the boma unless he jumps up and comes in from the top. It is the function of the hunter to prevent this strategic manœuver by killing the lion before he gets in. If he does not, he is likely to find himself engaged in a spirited hand-to-hand fight with an unfriendly lion in a space about as big as the upper berth of a sleeping-car." - John T. McCutcheon, cartoonist for the Chicago Tribune, 1910.
> > In fact, the word boma has much deeper roots in languages spoken in the Africa Great Lakes, whether as a word of Bantu origin or a loan word from Persian. The Oxford English Dictionary ascribes the first use to the adventurer Henry Morton Stanley, in his book Through the Dark Continent (1878): 'From the staked bomas..there rise to my hearing the bleating of young calves.'[3] The term is also used throughout Stanley's earlier book How I found Livingstone(1871) '...we pitched our camp, built a boma of thorny acacia, and other tree branches, by stacking them round our camp...'[4] Krapf's A Dictionary of the Suahili Language (1882) defines boma as 'a palisade or stockade serving as a kind of fortification to towns and villages...may consist of stones or poles, or of an impenetrable thicket of thorns,' though he does not give an origin for the word. Boma also appears in Band's 'Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon' (1920), which indicates the word was in use in Tanganyika long before it fell under the control of the British. Johnson's Standard Swahili-English Dictionary (1939) suggests boma comes from a Persian word, buum, which he says means 'garrison, place where one can dwell in safety
>
> I admit my eyebrows were raised at the suggestion of Persian loanwords
> in Swahili, perhaps only because Arabic is always identified as the main
> source; and because I don't think of Persians as great sea traders the
> way the Arabs have been. However, OED seems to take the Persian origin
> of "boma" at least as a serious possibility, so...
> I don't have any serious sources on this question, but here's a list of
> what various people have suggested as Persian > Swahili loans:
Must they be direct, or via Arabic? What does your source of this list say?
> > Kraal, boma: corral, stock.ade, pen-fen.ce, thorn acacia ring enclosure surrounding livestock and huts (crown of thorns?) fortified village
> > Ambushing lions: "The lion can not get into the boma unless he jumps up and comes in from the top. It is the function of the hunter to prevent this strategic manœuver by killing the lion before he gets in. If he does not, he is likely to find himself engaged in a spirited hand-to-hand fight with an unfriendly lion in a space about as big as the upper berth of a sleeping-car." - John T. McCutcheon, cartoonist for the Chicago Tribune, 1910.
> > In fact, the word boma has much deeper roots in languages spoken in the Africa Great Lakes, whether as a word of Bantu origin or a loan word from Persian. The Oxford English Dictionary ascribes the first use to the adventurer Henry Morton Stanley, in his book Through the Dark Continent (1878): 'From the staked bomas..there rise to my hearing the bleating of young calves.'[3] The term is also used throughout Stanley's earlier book How I found Livingstone(1871) '...we pitched our camp, built a boma of thorny acacia, and other tree branches, by stacking them round our camp...'[4] Krapf's A Dictionary of the Suahili Language (1882) defines boma as 'a palisade or stockade serving as a kind of fortification to towns and villages...may consist of stones or poles, or of an impenetrable thicket of thorns,' though he does not give an origin for the word. Boma also appears in Band's 'Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon' (1920), which indicates the word was in use in Tanganyika long before it fell under the control of the British. Johnson's Standard Swahili-English Dictionary (1939) suggests boma comes from a Persian word, buum, which he says means 'garrison, place where one can dwell in safety
>
> I admit my eyebrows were raised at the suggestion of Persian loanwords
> in Swahili, perhaps only because Arabic is always identified as the main
> source; and because I don't think of Persians as great sea traders the
> way the Arabs have been. However, OED seems to take the Persian origin
> of "boma" at least as a serious possibility, so...
> I don't have any serious sources on this question, but here's a list of
> what various people have suggested as Persian > Swahili loans:
> shali shawl
> tamasha show, pageant
> cherehani sewing machine
> chai tea
> cherehe grindstone
> maige young locust
> staha respect (n)
> wazi open, clear
> bima insurance
> gari wheeled vehicle
> achari (achali?) pickle
> serikali government
> diwani councillor
Daud Deden
Oct 13, 2023, 11:52:29 AM10/13/23
to
The Turko-Mongol yurt has a central roof ring hub that tensions the build frame and interlaced lath for walls.
Daud Deden
Oct 13, 2023, 12:47:01 PM10/13/23
to
On Friday, October 13, 2023 at 11:52:29 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> On Friday, October 13, 2023 at 10:04:32 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> > On Friday, October 13, 2023 at 9:00:36 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> > > Picturing original human architecture
> > >
> > > From primate & rodent dwellings of interlaid twigs & foliage on tree forks, underground burrows with vegetation and fur, tree hollows, great apes construct interlaced branch arboreal bowl nests to sleep in with their infants. About 5ma, genus Homo genetically split from arboreal ape kin, and at some point in time began to sleep on the ground. Parsimoniously, they continued to fashion their terrestrial nests using the same method, but somehow inverted them into dome shells. Arboreal apes tend to build fresh bowl nests every night. At some point, Homo began carrying their dome materials, either assembled or disassembled.
> > >
> > > Imagine: a band of hunt&gather archaic humans, sleeping endomed around a climbable escape tree, in a ring of domes. Each adult sleeps independently with a spear/digging stick and sharp flint handaxe, each parent sleeps with their progeny, mother with infant, father with next older weaned child, older siblings share domes with pals.
> > >
> > > Insight: dome is too large & bulky to carry far. The uppermost 1/3 is a woven leaf-shingled umbo (later hide cover, still later metal), a buckler, easily carried by anyone. The bottom 2/3 is disassembled during transit into a set of 5 to 10 straight narrow wicker poles 1m long, pointed at one end. These are pre-arrows/atlatl darts/throwing spears. When installed on the umbo(umbrella/parasol/kUPHArigolu) into peripheral orthogonal sockets (zocatl), they form the supporting frame of the dome, which is then leaf-shingled/thatched for all around shelter. Two small holes are dug under the frame to allow airflow, urine drainage and some lemongrass (mosquito repellant) crumpled into balls in the holes prevent vermin entry, and provide handles/zuber to lift dome for egress.
> > >
> > > Skirt/kilt/shelter/shield refers to the arrows mounted on the umbo, and the shingle/shake covering.
> > What were these spokes/spears that radiated out from the umbo called?
> > XYUa(mb)UATL ~ atlatl, (sun)ray, radius, rod, array, row, arrow, dart/route/road, shuttle/xiotl/shoot/chute/root/ruud?, wood, tool?, tendril?
> On Friday, October 13, 2023 at 10:04:32 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> > On Friday, October 13, 2023 at 9:00:36 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> > > Picturing original human architecture
> > >
> > > From primate & rodent dwellings of interlaid twigs & foliage on tree forks, underground burrows with vegetation and fur, tree hollows, great apes construct interlaced branch arboreal bowl nests to sleep in with their infants. About 5ma, genus Homo genetically split from arboreal ape kin, and at some point in time began to sleep on the ground. Parsimoniously, they continued to fashion their terrestrial nests using the same method, but somehow inverted them into dome shells. Arboreal apes tend to build fresh bowl nests every night. At some point, Homo began carrying their dome materials, either assembled or disassembled.
> > >
> > > Imagine: a band of hunt&gather archaic humans, sleeping endomed around a climbable escape tree, in a ring of domes. Each adult sleeps independently with a spear/digging stick and sharp flint handaxe, each parent sleeps with their progeny, mother with infant, father with next older weaned child, older siblings share domes with pals.
> > >
> > > Insight: dome is too large & bulky to carry far. The uppermost 1/3 is a woven leaf-shingled umbo (later hide cover, still later metal), a buckler, easily carried by anyone. The bottom 2/3 is disassembled during transit into a set of 5 to 10 straight narrow wicker poles 1m long, pointed at one end. These are pre-arrows/atlatl darts/throwing spears. When installed on the umbo(umbrella/parasol/kUPHArigolu) into peripheral orthogonal sockets (zocatl), they form the supporting frame of the dome, which is then leaf-shingled/thatched for all around shelter. Two small holes are dug under the frame to allow airflow, urine drainage and some lemongrass (mosquito repellant) crumpled into balls in the holes prevent vermin entry, and provide handles/zuber to lift dome for egress.
> > >
> > > Skirt/kilt/shelter/shield refers to the arrows mounted on the umbo, and the shingle/shake covering.
> > What were these spokes/spears that radiated out from the umbo called?
> > Tla @Azt: flame
> > Think of a bonfire with logs in a star pattern * and heating radiating outward.
> > Umbrella = umbo + ray/rete ☂️
> >
> > What is the root of rel- in relative? Probably derived from same.
> >
> > Note: the Mbuti dome isn't portable, doesn't have a separate umbo. But, the poles are pointed at the bottom to pierce the posthole, and at the top an opposing pair of poles are twisted together to hold. This twist is, like the fletching of an arrow, an aerodynamic advantage when thrown at prey, it balances the flight. As a kid, I hunted small game with a gun. My friend used a bow. Shooting birds in the forest, he used special arrows that flew fast but dropped quick (to avoid losing them), they had a stun tip (not sharp), the fletching had a sharp spiral twist, this slowed the flight when it began spinning, where a normal arrow has only a gradual twist allowing a long straight flight (but likely to get lost in heavy woods).
> > So the Mbuti poles reflect past use of dual usage, as shelter frames and as throwing projectiles. They switched from hard shields to soft nets for hunting. Net = red @Spn.
> When the Mbuti complete their domes, they add a small portico to keep sun/rain out of the doorway, the throw some boughs on the top center to hold the roof tight, in the manner as wrapping a ribbon (rib, bone) around a giftbox (box) and tying a bow, secure but easily untied. Bough, bow, bone, boat (bowl), box ~ mbuatl, xy(uam)buatl ~ spoke
>
> The Turko-Mongol yurt has a central roof ring hub that tensions the build frame and interlaced lath for walls.
Ir.radiate go.rad/ray
> > Think of a bonfire with logs in a star pattern * and heating radiating outward.
> > Umbrella = umbo + ray/rete ☂️
> >
> > What is the root of rel- in relative? Probably derived from same.
> >
> > Note: the Mbuti dome isn't portable, doesn't have a separate umbo. But, the poles are pointed at the bottom to pierce the posthole, and at the top an opposing pair of poles are twisted together to hold. This twist is, like the fletching of an arrow, an aerodynamic advantage when thrown at prey, it balances the flight. As a kid, I hunted small game with a gun. My friend used a bow. Shooting birds in the forest, he used special arrows that flew fast but dropped quick (to avoid losing them), they had a stun tip (not sharp), the fletching had a sharp spiral twist, this slowed the flight when it began spinning, where a normal arrow has only a gradual twist allowing a long straight flight (but likely to get lost in heavy woods).
> > So the Mbuti poles reflect past use of dual usage, as shelter frames and as throwing projectiles. They switched from hard shields to soft nets for hunting. Net = red @Spn.
> When the Mbuti complete their domes, they add a small portico to keep sun/rain out of the doorway, the throw some boughs on the top center to hold the roof tight, in the manner as wrapping a ribbon (rib, bone) around a giftbox (box) and tying a bow, secure but easily untied. Bough, bow, bone, boat (bowl), box ~ mbuatl, xy(uam)buatl ~ spoke
>
> The Turko-Mongol yurt has a central roof ring hub that tensions the build frame and interlaced lath for walls.
Radial and axial diverged later.
Xiotl @Azt: shuttle, shoot, shed rain, shade sun
Chinese umbrella, Chinese straw hat
Rumbo @Spn: route di.rect.ion
Payung @Mly: umbrella, parasol ~ umbhua.tlachyah?
Message has been deleted
Daud Deden
Oct 13, 2023, 3:05:20 PM10/13/23
to
Sukkot, sukkah Hebrew: סוכות or סֻכּוֹת ("Booths, Tabernacles") xyu(amb/bh/kk)a(t/tl)
Daud Deden
Oct 14, 2023, 10:22:36 PM10/14/23
to
Daud Deden
Oct 14, 2023, 10:29:23 PM10/14/23
to
Primate hunting
Not the hunting of primates, but the hunting by primates.
Of extant hominoids, only Homo & Pan group hunt, and consume meat (of monkeys & antelope).
Other hominoids eat bird eggs and grubs, but do not hunt in gangs.
What happened to H&P to start off group hunting & eating of meat?
Both use stones to bash nuts, both use stick tools to get foods: termites, ants, bush babies etc.
So not a strictly arboreal trait.
Terrestrial baboons sometimes hunt individually.
Arboreal monkeys may eat lizards, birds etc. but never as a gang.
My hypothesis is that both Homo and Pan (to a lesser degree) began group hunting as a defensive reaction: they spent more time on the forest floor seeking ripe fallen fruit/nuts/tubers/mushrooms, where they competed with forest antelope, monkeys, pigs, etc. and developed a hostile social reaction which resulted in interspecific warfare against them. They could not defeat flying fruits nor frugivorous birds, which could quickly fly away unharmed. But they could attack animals which could not run fast & far (unlike savannah fauna which could). Although Pan stuck with small fauna prey, Homo developed social and technological strategies for hunting, including spears and their (dome)shields.
We started off not as mighty hunters, but as falling food defenders, protecting our food supplies. This may have evolved into deliberate baiting of competitors.
DD
Not the hunting of primates, but the hunting by primates.
Of extant hominoids, only Homo & Pan group hunt, and consume meat (of monkeys & antelope).
Other hominoids eat bird eggs and grubs, but do not hunt in gangs.
What happened to H&P to start off group hunting & eating of meat?
Both use stones to bash nuts, both use stick tools to get foods: termites, ants, bush babies etc.
So not a strictly arboreal trait.
Terrestrial baboons sometimes hunt individually.
Arboreal monkeys may eat lizards, birds etc. but never as a gang.
My hypothesis is that both Homo and Pan (to a lesser degree) began group hunting as a defensive reaction: they spent more time on the forest floor seeking ripe fallen fruit/nuts/tubers/mushrooms, where they competed with forest antelope, monkeys, pigs, etc. and developed a hostile social reaction which resulted in interspecific warfare against them. They could not defeat flying fruits nor frugivorous birds, which could quickly fly away unharmed. But they could attack animals which could not run fast & far (unlike savannah fauna which could). Although Pan stuck with small fauna prey, Homo developed social and technological strategies for hunting, including spears and their (dome)shields.
We started off not as mighty hunters, but as falling food defenders, protecting our food supplies. This may have evolved into deliberate baiting of competitors.
DD
Daud Deden
Oct 16, 2023, 8:28:27 AM10/16/23
to
1 umbo uambuatl umbel umbrella wombelle buckler
2 quivarua/rick/rack/quiver/cover/coral/cu(ph)ara(c)l of postholed darts/spears holding up umbo
3 zuabuatl zuber underwall divots/handles at ft & bk of hut to lift and for airflow, crumpled mint/lemongrass stops vermin
4 muatl moat wastewater trench channels away rainwater/urine
5 boma thorny branches interlaced around hut
Daud Deden
Oct 16, 2023, 8:49:22 AM10/16/23
to
A noun that means a stack of hay or straw, especially if it's built regularly and thatched to keep off rain. It comes from Middle English rykke, which comes from Old English hrycce. It's related to Scots ruk and Norwegian ruka.
A masculine name of English and German origin that translates to "brave ruler" or "peaceful ruler"
-rua ~ dua/duo/two-point?
Stick pointed at both ends, palisade posts, snare/gorge vs forked stick pitchfork antler tines
Daud Deden
Oct 16, 2023, 9:19:57 AM10/16/23
to
> Stick pointed at both ends, palisade posts, snare/gorge vs forked stick pitchfork antler tines
Rick reich up-right tilt up for egress
Asher @Hbr: upright a.sher a xyua e.rect a.loft lev rule law
Atas @Mly: up
Kanan vs kiri right vs left side
Daud Deden
Oct 16, 2023, 9:38:36 AM10/16/23
to
Kiva @Swahili: unity
Kiva@Hopi: ceremonial round underground timbered? room
Kivas are large, circular, underground rooms used by Puebloans for rites, political meetings, and spiritual ceremonies. They are often associated with the kachina belief system. Kivas are notable for their colorful mural paintings.
[Possible: link to powwow/pkiuaua?]
M(b)uatl moat boat bottle containment of flood/flow/fluids
Boma bough.mba?
Daud Deden
Oct 16, 2023, 1:19:04 PM10/16/23
to
Hedge/fence/haak/haeg/edge/itch/ouch/itai @Jpn: ouch!
Firdaus/paradise walled enclosure/garden\jardin\eden
Muur @Dut: wall
Domus endu mongolu mogel
Mongolu iglu ndjambuangdualu xyuambuatlachyah
Start lemur: leap between thorn trees & on ground
Start monkey: leap but qpal walk on ground, speedy
Start ape: stop leaping, start swinging, tail loss, biped
Start Homo: stop climbing, carry nest & tools orthobiped
Start sapiens: hypersocial hypertech climate control
Daud Deden
Oct 17, 2023, 12:07:34 AM10/17/23
to
https://youtu.be/GnMtO3s1xJw?si=Btu1gtEUM-RgB67H
Daud Deden
Oct 17, 2023, 3:22:23 AM10/17/23
to
Homophony (almost)
Inside within, interior; endura @Mbuti, dalam @Mly
Coincide co- incidere fall upon/into (med Ltn), same time & place
correspond in nature; tally.
"the interests of employers and employees do not always coincide"
correspond in position; meet or intersect.
"the two long-distance walks briefly coincide here" dict.com
1705, "be identical in substance or nature;" 1715, "occupy the same space, agree in position," from Medieval Latin coincidere (used in astrology), literally "to fall upon together," from assimilated form of Latin com "with, together" (see com-) + incidere "to fall upon" (from in- "upon" + combining form of cadere "to fall," from PIE root *kad- "to fall"). From 1809 as "occur at the same time." Latin coincidere was used as a verb in English from 1640s. Etym.online
*kad- PIE: to fall
forms all or part of: accident; cadaver; cadence; caducous; cascade; case (n.1); casual; casualty; casuist; casus belli; chance; cheat; chute (n.1); coincide; decadence; decay; deciduous; escheat; incident
Sanskrit sad- "to fall down;" Latin casus "a chance, occasion, opportunity; accident, mishap," literally "a falling," cadere "to fall, sink, settle down, decline, perish;"
Inside within, interior; endura @Mbuti, dalam @Mly
Coincide co- incidere fall upon/into (med Ltn), same time & place
correspond in nature; tally.
"the interests of employers and employees do not always coincide"
correspond in position; meet or intersect.
"the two long-distance walks briefly coincide here" dict.com
1705, "be identical in substance or nature;" 1715, "occupy the same space, agree in position," from Medieval Latin coincidere (used in astrology), literally "to fall upon together," from assimilated form of Latin com "with, together" (see com-) + incidere "to fall upon" (from in- "upon" + combining form of cadere "to fall," from PIE root *kad- "to fall"). From 1809 as "occur at the same time." Latin coincidere was used as a verb in English from 1640s. Etym.online
*kad- PIE: to fall
forms all or part of: accident; cadaver; cadence; caducous; cascade; case (n.1); casual; casualty; casuist; casus belli; chance; cheat; chute (n.1); coincide; decadence; decay; deciduous; escheat; incident
Sanskrit sad- "to fall down;" Latin casus "a chance, occasion, opportunity; accident, mishap," literally "a falling," cadere "to fall, sink, settle down, decline, perish;"
Daud Deden
Oct 17, 2023, 6:25:06 AM10/17/23
to
hut. túp lều
dome. mái vòm (arched roof)
conical roof. mái hình nón
home trang chủ, chỗ ở (home port)
gia đình. family, home, kin
A chum (/tʃuːm/) is a temporary dwelling used by the nomadic Uralic (Nenets, Nganasans, Enets, Khanty, Mansi, Komi) reindeer herders of northwestern Siberia of Russia. The Evenks, Tungusic peoples, tribes, in Russia, Mongolia and China also use chums. They are also used by the southernmost reindeer herders, of the Todzha region of the Republic of Tyva and their cross-border relatives in northern Mongolia. It has a design similar to a Native American tipi but some versions are less vertical. It is very closely related to the Sami lavvu & goati in construction, but is somewhat larger in size. Some chums can be up to thirty feet (ten meters) in diameter.[1]
Tyvan chums in ethnocultural complex of "The Aldyn-Bulak", Russia, Tyva
Drawing of a chum, 2008
The traditional chum consists of reindeer hides sewn together and wrapped around wooden poles that are organized in a circle. In the middle there is a fireplace used for heating and to keep mosquitoes away. The smoke escapes through a hole at the top of the chum. The canvas and wooden poles are usually quite heavy, but could be carried by their reindeer. The chum is still in use today as a year-round shelter for the Yamal-Nenets, Khanty and Todzha Tyvan people of Russia.
In Russian use, the terms chum, yurt and yaranga may be used interchangeably.[citation needed]
The word chum (Russian: чум) came from Komi: ćom [t͡ɕom] or Udmurt: ćum [t͡ɕum], both mean "tent, shelter".[2] In different languages it has different names: Nenets: ḿāʔ [mʲaːʔ], Nganasan: maʔ, Khanty: (ńuki) χot. Evenki: ǯū [d͡ʒuː].
Daud Deden
Oct 17, 2023, 6:37:57 AM10/17/23
to
https://x.com/huw_groucutt/status/1714189288387047891?s=20
Mdina, capital of Malta
The initial M followed by d is rare, I know only Mdewakanton, a Dakota band of Sioux
Mdina, capital of Malta
The initial M followed by d is rare, I know only Mdewakanton, a Dakota band of Sioux
Daud Deden
Oct 20, 2023, 9:41:56 AM10/20/23
to
Since this googlegroup appears to have been targeted for destruction by spammers, and I know of no effective defense, I'll put my posts at 1worldofwords @ io.groups.
Ross Clark
Oct 20, 2023, 3:03:09 PM10/20/23
to
On 21/10/2023 2:41 a.m., Daud Deden wrote:
>
> Since this googlegroup appears to have been targeted for destruction by spammers, and I know of no effective defense, I'll put my posts at 1worldofwords @ io.groups.
>
I can't think of any reason why some Indo gambling outfit would want to
>
> Since this googlegroup appears to have been targeted for destruction by spammers, and I know of no effective defense, I'll put my posts at 1worldofwords @ io.groups.
>
destroy sci.lang. The problem is with GG. Reading this with
eternal-september and Mozilla Thunderbird (both free), I see exactly
three of the hundreds of spam posts. Google could easily remove them,
but (to paraphrase a joke) their highly trained experts are right now
scouring the known world in search of fucks to give.
Daud Deden
Oct 20, 2023, 5:24:49 PM10/20/23
to
Now, I shortcut by clicking upper right search box and typing 'paleo-', newest thread shows up: Paleo-etymology: study of ancient (compound) words. But I can't see any other member's new threads. Io group is owned, controlled, moderated by me and immediately published, spam is blocked and pictures and links are easy to inset. I've just been too lazy to use it.
Daud Deden
Oct 21, 2023, 8:07:55 AM10/21/23
to
Daud Deden
Oct 21, 2023, 8:20:47 AM10/21/23
to
Convex
Convex com + wegh/vehicle-wagon < bear-bulge-belle
Wombelle xyuambuatl > combine, embarazado(pregnant)
Convey - action, convex - condition, conveyance-conveyor - bag-wagon-bolsa-bungkus
"curved like a circle or sphere when viewed from outside," 1570s, from French convexe, from Latin convexus "vaulted, arched," past participle of convehere "to bring together," from assimilated form of com "with, together," or "thoroughly" (see com-) + vehere "to bring, carry, convey" (from PIE root *wegh- "to go, move, transport in a vehicle").
I wondered where the -vex part came from. Vex/vessel
Convex com + wegh/vehicle-wagon < bear-bulge-belle
Wombelle xyuambuatl > combine, embarazado(pregnant)
Convey - action, convex - condition, conveyance-conveyor - bag-wagon-bolsa-bungkus
"curved like a circle or sphere when viewed from outside," 1570s, from French convexe, from Latin convexus "vaulted, arched," past participle of convehere "to bring together," from assimilated form of com "with, together," or "thoroughly" (see com-) + vehere "to bring, carry, convey" (from PIE root *wegh- "to go, move, transport in a vehicle").
I wondered where the -vex part came from. Vex/vessel
Daud Deden
Oct 21, 2023, 11:31:55 AM10/21/23
to
Impact / co-impact / compact / compound
Pound / bond via hammering/heating
Maybe:
Nja.mbuangd.ualua Wicker/wood working & later metal working began in tropical/humid climate
Xyua.mbuatl.achyah Stone knapping & ceramic working began in temperate/arid/montane climate
Cua.ghwatl Long fiber/leather working began in temperate climate w/extreme ° changes between forest & field
Pound / bond via hammering/heating
Maybe:
Nja.mbuangd.ualua Wicker/wood working & later metal working began in tropical/humid climate
Xyua.mbuatl.achyah Stone knapping & ceramic working began in temperate/arid/montane climate
Cua.ghwatl Long fiber/leather working began in temperate climate w/extreme ° changes between forest & field
Daud Deden
Oct 21, 2023, 12:54:01 PM10/21/23
to
Fetus suckle
Modern use fetus/foetus refers to stage between embryo and newborn infant. Fetus does not fit easily into the regular pattern embryo/umbel/wombelle/buah.t.ng/birth. Rather more close to post-partum proven fertile, fecund, breastmilk sucking. Seems to have shifted to pre-partum, perhaps an effect of pastoral dairying became more familiar, better measured and more predictable.
*dhe(i)-
*dhē(i)-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to suck."
It forms all or part of: affiliate; affiliation; effeminate; effete; epithelium; fawn (n.) "young deer;" fecund; fellatio; Felicia; felicitate; felicity; Felix; female; feminine; femme; fennel; fenugreek; fetal; feticide; fetus; filial; filiation; filicide; filioque; fitz; infelicity.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit dhayati "sucks," dhayah "nourishing;" Greek thēlē "mother's breast, nipple," thēlys "female, fruitful;" Latin felare "to suck," femina "woman" ("she who suckles"), felix "happy, auspicious, fruitful," fetus "offspring, pregnancy;" fecundus "fruitful, fertile, productive; rich, abundant;" Old Church Slavonic dojiti "to suckle," dojilica "nurse," deti "child;" Lithuanian dėlė "leech;" Old Prussian dadan "milk;" Gothic daddjan "to suckle;" Old Swedish dia "suckle;" Old High German tila "female breast;" Old Irish denaim "I suck," dinu "lamb
Dadan @ OPru: milk (link to teat, dua/duo, diode?)
Dedan Name of oasis town between Mecca/Medina and Petra, now al Ula.
Etymology
fetus (n.)
late 14c., "the young while in the womb or egg" (tending to mean vaguely the embryo in the later stage of development), from Latin fetus (often, incorrectly, foetus) "the bearing or hatching of young, a bringing forth, pregnancy, childbearing, offspring," from suffixed form of PIE root *dhe(i)- "to suck."
In Latin, fetus sometimes was transferred figuratively to the newborn creature itself, or used in a sense of "offspring, brood" (as in Horace's Germania quos horrida parturit Fetus), but this was not the usual meaning. It also was used of plants, in the sense of "fruit, produce, shoot," and figuratively as "growth, production." The spelling foetus is sometimes attempted as a learned Latinism, but it is unetymological
Modern use fetus/foetus refers to stage between embryo and newborn infant. Fetus does not fit easily into the regular pattern embryo/umbel/wombelle/buah.t.ng/birth. Rather more close to post-partum proven fertile, fecund, breastmilk sucking. Seems to have shifted to pre-partum, perhaps an effect of pastoral dairying became more familiar, better measured and more predictable.
*dhe(i)-
*dhē(i)-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to suck."
It forms all or part of: affiliate; affiliation; effeminate; effete; epithelium; fawn (n.) "young deer;" fecund; fellatio; Felicia; felicitate; felicity; Felix; female; feminine; femme; fennel; fenugreek; fetal; feticide; fetus; filial; filiation; filicide; filioque; fitz; infelicity.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit dhayati "sucks," dhayah "nourishing;" Greek thēlē "mother's breast, nipple," thēlys "female, fruitful;" Latin felare "to suck," femina "woman" ("she who suckles"), felix "happy, auspicious, fruitful," fetus "offspring, pregnancy;" fecundus "fruitful, fertile, productive; rich, abundant;" Old Church Slavonic dojiti "to suckle," dojilica "nurse," deti "child;" Lithuanian dėlė "leech;" Old Prussian dadan "milk;" Gothic daddjan "to suckle;" Old Swedish dia "suckle;" Old High German tila "female breast;" Old Irish denaim "I suck," dinu "lamb
Dadan @ OPru: milk (link to teat, dua/duo, diode?)
Dedan Name of oasis town between Mecca/Medina and Petra, now al Ula.
Etymology
fetus (n.)
late 14c., "the young while in the womb or egg" (tending to mean vaguely the embryo in the later stage of development), from Latin fetus (often, incorrectly, foetus) "the bearing or hatching of young, a bringing forth, pregnancy, childbearing, offspring," from suffixed form of PIE root *dhe(i)- "to suck."
In Latin, fetus sometimes was transferred figuratively to the newborn creature itself, or used in a sense of "offspring, brood" (as in Horace's Germania quos horrida parturit Fetus), but this was not the usual meaning. It also was used of plants, in the sense of "fruit, produce, shoot," and figuratively as "growth, production." The spelling foetus is sometimes attempted as a learned Latinism, but it is unetymological
Daud Deden
Oct 21, 2023, 1:22:52 PM10/21/23
to
On Saturday, October 21, 2023 at 12:54:01 PM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> Fetus suckle
> Modern use fetus/foetus refers to stage between embryo and newborn infant. Fetus does not fit easily into the regular pattern embryo/umbel/wombelle/buah.t.ng/birth. Rather more close to post-partum proven fertile, fecund, breastmilk sucking. Seems to have shifted to pre-partum, perhaps an effect of pastoral dairying became more familiar, better measured and more predictable.
>
>
> *dhe(i)-
> *dhē(i)-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to suck."
>
> It forms all or part of: affiliate; affiliation; effeminate; effete; epithelium; fawn (n.) "young deer;" fecund; fellatio; Felicia; felicitate; felicity; Felix; female; feminine; femme; fennel; fenugreek; fetal; feticide; fetus; filial; filiation; filicide; filioque; fitz; infelicity.
>
> It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit dhayati "sucks," dhayah "nourishing;" Greek thēlē "mother's breast, nipple," thēlys "female, fruitful;" Latin felare "to suck," femina "woman" ("she who suckles"), felix "happy, auspicious, fruitful," fetus "offspring, pregnancy;" fecundus "fruitful, fertile, productive; rich, abundant;" Old Church Slavonic dojiti "to suckle," dojilica "nurse," deti "child;" Lithuanian dėlė "leech;" Old Prussian dadan "milk;" Gothic daddjan "to suckle;" Old Swedish dia "suckle;" Old High German tila "female breast;" Old Irish denaim "I suck," dinu "lamb
>
> Dadan @ OPru: milk (link to teat, dua/duo, diode?)
> Dedan/Dadan Name of oasis town between Mecca/Medina and Petra, now al Ula.
> Fetus suckle
> Modern use fetus/foetus refers to stage between embryo and newborn infant. Fetus does not fit easily into the regular pattern embryo/umbel/wombelle/buah.t.ng/birth. Rather more close to post-partum proven fertile, fecund, breastmilk sucking. Seems to have shifted to pre-partum, perhaps an effect of pastoral dairying became more familiar, better measured and more predictable.
>
>
> *dhe(i)-
> *dhē(i)-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to suck."
>
> It forms all or part of: affiliate; affiliation; effeminate; effete; epithelium; fawn (n.) "young deer;" fecund; fellatio; Felicia; felicitate; felicity; Felix; female; feminine; femme; fennel; fenugreek; fetal; feticide; fetus; filial; filiation; filicide; filioque; fitz; infelicity.
>
> It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit dhayati "sucks," dhayah "nourishing;" Greek thēlē "mother's breast, nipple," thēlys "female, fruitful;" Latin felare "to suck," femina "woman" ("she who suckles"), felix "happy, auspicious, fruitful," fetus "offspring, pregnancy;" fecundus "fruitful, fertile, productive; rich, abundant;" Old Church Slavonic dojiti "to suckle," dojilica "nurse," deti "child;" Lithuanian dėlė "leech;" Old Prussian dadan "milk;" Gothic daddjan "to suckle;" Old Swedish dia "suckle;" Old High German tila "female breast;" Old Irish denaim "I suck," dinu "lamb
>
> Dadan @ OPru: milk (link to teat, dua/duo, diode?)
Consider that both Jerusalem & Petra had flowing springs, dams and canals on their hilltops, and Islam refers to Mecca/Bakkah as the place of Hagar's zamzam springs between 2 peaks, perhaps Dadan had a similar topographical feature, having hills & cliffs which during wetter periods may have been sources of water for travellers & caravans.
Islamic tradition identifies Bakkah as the ancient name for the site of Mecca.[2][7][8][9] An Arabic word, its etymology, like that of Mecca, is obscure.[4] One meaning ascribed to it is "narrow", seen as descriptive of the area in which the valley of the holy places and the city of Mecca are located, pressed in upon as they are by mountains.[7] Widely believed to be a synonym for Mecca, it is said to be more specifically the early name for the valley located therein, while Muslim scholars generally use it to refer to the sacred area of the city that immediately surrounds and includes the Kaaba.[6][10][11]
In Islamic tradition, Bakkah is where Hagar and Ishmael (Ismā'īl) settled after being taken by Abraham (Ibrāhīm) to the wilderness, a story parallel to the Bible's Book of Genesis (21:14-21).[8][13] Genesis tells that Abraham gave Hagar a bottle of water, and that Hagar and Ishmael ran out of water to drink in Beer-Sheba.[8] In Arab tradition, Hagar runs back and forth between two elevated points seven times to search for help before sitting down in despair, at which point an angel appeared and hit the ground with his heel (or his wing) and caused a miraculous well to spring out of the ground.[14]
The Islamic tradition holds that a spring gushed forth from the spot where Hagar had laid Ishmael, and this spring came to be known as the Well of Zamzam.[8][10] When Muslims on hajj run between the hills of Safa and Marwah seven times, it is to commemorate Hagar's search for help and the resulting revelation of the well of Zamzam.[10]
In addition to the Islamic tradition that Hagar and Ishmael settled in Bakkah, the Quran relates that Abraham came to Mecca to help his son Ishmael build the Kaaba adjacent to the well of Zamzam.[8][10]
Ibn Ishaq, the 8th-century Arab Muslim historian, relates that during the renovation of Kaaba undertaken by the Quraysh before Islam, found an inscription in one of the corners of the foundation of the building that mentions Bakkah. Composed in Syriac, it was incomprehensible to the Quraysh until a Jew translated it for them as follows: "I am Allah, the Lord of Bakka. It will stand while its two mountains stand, a blessing to its people with milk and water."[15
Daud Deden
Oct 22, 2023, 7:24:58 AM10/22/23
to
https://www.newsweek.com/young-chimps-human-babies-share-vocal-skill-key-language-1836559
What we found was that the early chimpanzee vocal repertoire shows some interesting similarities with early human vocal behavior," Taylor said. "In particular, we found that, like human infants, the infant chimpanzees showed vocalizations like screams, cries and laughs, each communicating a specific emotion which mothers responded to in stereotyped ways."
He went on: "But most interestingly, we found their grunt vocalizations expressed a full range of emotional states, and mothers' responses were dependent on how grunts were expressed. This is something that is known to be characteristic of the direct developmental precursors to speech vocalizations in human infants and provides an indispensable foundation for language development."
-
The role of early expressive uses of language in brain and language evolution (to appear in Introducing Evolutionary Pragmatics: How language emerges from use (F. Ferretti and Ines Adornetti, eds.). London: Routledge)Antonio Benítez-Burraco & Ljiljana Progovac
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-5666
Abstract
Our approach models a gradual evolution of language which provides a unitary view of different players involved in language evolution, including cross-modal thinking, grammatical abilities, taming of aggression, and pragmatic aspects pertaining to persuasive reciprocity. Crucial to these considerations is the identification of the types of early expressive uses of language whose cultural emergence would have engaged in a feedback loop with human self-domestication, impacting on shared neural circuits and triggering genetic accommodation, while at the same time contributing to a gradual reduction in reactive aggression and the gradual sophistication of grammar and language use. Our focus in this chapter is on the structure and nature of playful ideophones and(c)rude compounds, composed by the simplest possible grammars, and acting as proxies of the earliest, expressive uses of language. It will be shown that these compositions are relevant not only for metaphorical extension (and thus cross-modality) and for the solidification of early grammars (also via grammaticalization), but also for the gradual replacement of physical aggression with verbal aggression and verbal behavior more generally, thus reinforcing our trends towards prosociality. Considering these concrete proxies of early uses of language provides necessary detail for designing experiments to further probe the enigma of human evolution
Daud Deden
Oct 26, 2023, 2:46:21 AM10/26/23
to
On Saturday, October 21, 2023 at 8:20:47 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> Convex
>
> Convex com + wegh/vehicle-wagon < bear-bulge-belle
> Wombelle xyuambuatl > combine, embarazado(pregnant)
https://groups.io/g/AAT/message/75700
> Convex
>
> Convex com + wegh/vehicle-wagon < bear-bulge-belle
> Wombelle xyuambuatl > combine, embarazado(pregnant)
A clamshell has an umbo, protruding round part that hinges
A pregnant woman has an umbo umbicilis wombelle uambuatl
A domeshield had an umbo, it was ground-hinged
An ape bowl nest attaches to the tree...arbo.r..
Arthur Deviyanto
Oct 26, 2023, 3:16:38 AM10/26/23
to
DAFTAR LINK SITUS GACOR
LINK DAFTAR SITUS GACOR = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK LOGIN SITUS GACOR = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK ALTERNATIF SITUS GACOR = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK ALTERNATIF [1] SITUS GACOR = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK ALTERNATIF [2] SITUS GACOR = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK SITUS GACOR GACOR = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK SITUS GACOR THAILAND = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK SITUS GACOR PULSA = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK SITUS GACOR DEPO 10K = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK DAFTAR SITUS GACOR = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK LOGIN SITUS GACOR = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK ALTERNATIF SITUS GACOR = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK ALTERNATIF [1] SITUS GACOR = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK ALTERNATIF [2] SITUS GACOR = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK SITUS GACOR GACOR = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK SITUS GACOR THAILAND = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK SITUS GACOR PULSA = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
LINK SITUS GACOR DEPO 10K = https://heylink.me/linkloginalternatif/
Daud Deden
Oct 26, 2023, 5:48:40 AM10/26/23
to
On Thursday, October 26, 2023 at 2:46:21 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> On Saturday, October 21, 2023 at 8:20:47 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> > Convex
> >
> > Convex com + wegh/vehicle-wagon < bear-bulge-belle
> > Wombelle xyuambuatl > combine, embarazado(pregnant)
> https://groups.io/g/AAT/message/75700
>
> A clamshell has an umbo, protruding round part that hinges
> A pregnant woman has an umbo umbicilis wombelle uambuatl
> A domeshield had an umbo, it was ground-hinged
> An ape bowl nest attaches to the tree...arbo.r..
Umbo umbel umbrella IE hybrid hypothesis
> On Saturday, October 21, 2023 at 8:20:47 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> > Convex
> >
> > Convex com + wegh/vehicle-wagon < bear-bulge-belle
> > Wombelle xyuambuatl > combine, embarazado(pregnant)
> https://groups.io/g/AAT/message/75700
>
> A clamshell has an umbo, protruding round part that hinges
> A pregnant woman has an umbo umbicilis wombelle uambuatl
> A domeshield had an umbo, it was ground-hinged
> An ape bowl nest attaches to the tree...arbo.r..
Bivalve clam umbo
https://images.app.goo.gl/HPAaoSSzw6Yq6BdMA
The word umbo comes from the Latin word umbō which means "boss of a shield, protuberance, projecting piece of land", also for a mushroom cap. The word umbo is also related to the word umbilicus which means "navel".
Flora flower umbel
https://images.app.goo.ga/DxaddeGsdNFfFmcv5
The word was coined in botanical usage in the 1590s, from Latin umbella "parasol, sunshade".
The word "umbrella" comes from the Italian word "ombrella". "Ombrella" is a modification of the Latin word "umbella", which comes from 'umbra', "shade" or "shadow". (Sun shield, rain shedding)
The word "umbrella" means "hand-held portable canopy which opens and folds".
PIE hybrid origin
In this project, carried out by over 80 linguists under the direction of Paul Heggarty and Cormac Anderson from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, we applied a new methodology that allowed us to obtain more exact results.
More comprehensive sampling
The samples used in earlier phylogenetic studies were taken from a limited pool of languages. Moreover, some analyses had assumed that modern languages are derived directly from ancient written languages, when they actually come from oral variants that were spoken during the same period – Spanish, for example, did not come from the classical Latin found in Virgil’s works, but from the popular or “vulgar” Latin which was spoken by ordinary people. These shortcomings and assumptions have distorted age estimates for Indo-European language family subgroups such as Germanic, Slavic or Romance.
The new study addresses these issues, eliminating inconsistencies and taking data from a wider range of sources (from 161 languages, to be exact), to provide a more balanced and complete sample set. This data then underwent a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, a statistical method for establishing the most probable relationships between languages and branches of the family tree.
The study showed, for example, that an Italo-Celtic language family cannot exist, since the Italic and Celtic languages separated several centuries before the separation of the Germanic and Celtic languages, which took place around 5,000 years ago.

The spread of Indo-European languages according to the new hybrid hypothesis. Elaboración propia, Author provided (no reuse)
An eight thousand year old language family
Regarding the question of the origin of Indo-European languages, calculations based on the new data show that they were first spoken approximately 8,000 years ago.
The results of this research do not line up neatly with either the Anatolian or the Kurgan hypotheses. Instead they suggest that the birthplace of Indo-European languages is somewhere in the south of the Caucasus region. From there, they then expanded in various directions: westward towards Greece and Albania; eastward towards India, and northward towards the Pontic Steppe.
Around three millennia later there was then a second wave of expansion from the Pontic Steppe towards Europe, which gave rise to the majority of the languages that are spoken today in Europe. This hybrid hypothesis, which marries up the two previously established theories, also aligns with the results of the most recent studies in the field of genetic anthropology
> > Convey - action, convex - condition, conveyance-conveyor - bag-wagon-bolsa-bungkus
> >
> > "curved like a circle or sphere when viewed from outside," 1570s, from French convexe, from Latin convexus "vaulted, arched," past participle of convehere "to bring together," from assimilated form of com "with, together," or "thoroughly" (see com-) + vehere "to bring, carry, convey" (from PIE root *wegh- "to go, move, transport in a vehicle").
> >
> > I wondered where the -vex part came from. Vex/vessel
DD
Ross Clark
Oct 29, 2023, 5:09:11 AM10/29/23
to
https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=59908
for the opinions of some linguists on this.
They think the method has improved over previous phylogenetic studies,
but the scenario is still not compatible with the presence of vocabulary
for horse, wheel, etc. in PIE.
Daud Deden
Nov 1, 2023, 5:47:36 PM11/1/23
to
Cognates?
Invasive infective infest invest may all derive from same paleo word, en- buatl, in-body/bottle/vessel, via (x)yuambuatla
invasive (adj.)
"tending to invade, aggressive," mid-15c., invasif, from Old French invasif (15c.) or directly from Medieval Latin invasivus "invasive," from invas-, past-participle stem of invadere "go into; attack, invade," from in- "in" (from PIE root *en "in") + vadere "go, walk" (see vamoose).
infective (adj.)
"infectious, communicable by infection," late 14c., from Latin infectivus, from infect-, past participle stem of inficere "to tinge, dye; stain, spoil" (see infect).
infect (v.)
late 14c., "fill with disease, render pestilential; pollute, contaminate; to corrupt morally," from Latin infectus, past participle of inficere "to stain, tinge, dye," also "to corrupt, stain, spoil," literally "to put in to, dip into," from in- "in" (from PIE root *en "in") + facere "to make, do, perform" (from PIE root *dhe- "to set, put"). In Middle English occasionally in a neutral sense "tinge, darken," but typically used of things indifferent or bad, and especially of disease. Related: Infected; infecting.
https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/1997/12000/the_etymology_of_infection_and_infestation.23.aspx#:~:text=According%20to%20The%20concise%20dictionary,put%20in%2C%20stain%2C%20dye.
Their claim is incorrect imo.
The word "invest" comes from the Latin verb investire, which means "to clothe" or "to surround". The word was first recorded in 1525–35.
To embottle/embody, but not to cover
Invasive, infective:
Probably cognate, from in(to) + vase/vessel/fiasco/fec.t/im. pact in sense of contaminate/inseminate
Note: this post copy/pasted from 1worldofwords
Invasive infective infest invest may all derive from same paleo word, en- buatl, in-body/bottle/vessel, via (x)yuambuatla
invasive (adj.)
"tending to invade, aggressive," mid-15c., invasif, from Old French invasif (15c.) or directly from Medieval Latin invasivus "invasive," from invas-, past-participle stem of invadere "go into; attack, invade," from in- "in" (from PIE root *en "in") + vadere "go, walk" (see vamoose).
infective (adj.)
"infectious, communicable by infection," late 14c., from Latin infectivus, from infect-, past participle stem of inficere "to tinge, dye; stain, spoil" (see infect).
infect (v.)
late 14c., "fill with disease, render pestilential; pollute, contaminate; to corrupt morally," from Latin infectus, past participle of inficere "to stain, tinge, dye," also "to corrupt, stain, spoil," literally "to put in to, dip into," from in- "in" (from PIE root *en "in") + facere "to make, do, perform" (from PIE root *dhe- "to set, put"). In Middle English occasionally in a neutral sense "tinge, darken," but typically used of things indifferent or bad, and especially of disease. Related: Infected; infecting.
https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/1997/12000/the_etymology_of_infection_and_infestation.23.aspx#:~:text=According%20to%20The%20concise%20dictionary,put%20in%2C%20stain%2C%20dye.
Their claim is incorrect imo.
The word "invest" comes from the Latin verb investire, which means "to clothe" or "to surround". The word was first recorded in 1525–35.
To embottle/embody, but not to cover
Invasive, infective:
Probably cognate, from in(to) + vase/vessel/fiasco/fec.t/im. pact in sense of contaminate/inseminate
Note: this post copy/pasted from 1worldofwords
Daud Deden
Nov 1, 2023, 9:29:22 PM11/1/23
to
Arnaud Fournet
Nov 2, 2023, 11:28:46 PM11/2/23
to
Daud Deden
Nov 4, 2023, 2:32:16 PM11/4/23
to
On Sunday, September 10, 2023 at 2:11:09 AM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> Zuber @Grm: (2-handled) tub
> Zuber kupharigolu cwrgwl coracle topa teba
>
> 2 handles/slots evolved from divots/holes dug under walls to enable airflow but prevent vermin when it became better sealed to the forest floor yet allowed quick domeshield egress/tilting, later adapted into the basket frame for easy carrying.
Zuber up sub exupo hypo
Hypodermic
The term "hypodermic" comes from the Greek words "hypo", meaning under, and "derma", meaning skin. 1863 medicine
Subcutaneous
The term "subcutaneous" comes from the Latin words 'sub' meaning under and 'cutis' meaning skin (eg cuticle). 1650
Endu @Mbuti: into, inside, under ~ endo @Grk: internal
sub-
word-forming element of Latin origin meaning "under, beneath; behind; from under; resulting from further division," from Latin preposition sub "under, below, beneath, at the foot of," also "close to, up to, towards;" of time, "within, during;" figuratively "subject to, in the power of;" also "a little, somewhat" (as in sub-horridus "somewhat rough"), from PIE *(s)up- (perhaps representing *ex-upo-), a variant form of the root *upo "under," also "up from under," which also yielded Greek hypo- and English up.
The Latin word also was used in Latin as a prefix and in various combinations. In Latin it was reduced to su- before -s- and assimilated to following -c-, -f-, -g-, -p-, and often -r- and -m-.
In Old French the prefix appears in the full Latin form only "in learned adoptions of old Latin compounds" [OED], and in popular use it was represented by sous-, sou-; as in French souvenir from Latin subvenire, souscrire (Old French souzescrire) from subscribere, etc.
The original meaning is now obscure in many words from Latin (suggest, suspect, subject, etc.). The prefix is active in Modern English; the indication generally being:
1. "under, beneath, at the bottom of;" in adverbs "down, low, lower;"
2. "inferior part, agent, division, or degree; inferior, having subordinate position" (subcontractor) also forming official titles (subaltern);
It also can indicate "division into parts or sections;" "next below, near, close to" (subantarctic)
> Zuber @Grm: (2-handled) tub
> Zuber kupharigolu cwrgwl coracle topa teba
>
> 2 handles/slots evolved from divots/holes dug under walls to enable airflow but prevent vermin when it became better sealed to the forest floor yet allowed quick domeshield egress/tilting, later adapted into the basket frame for easy carrying.
Zuber up sub exupo hypo
Hypodermic
The term "hypodermic" comes from the Greek words "hypo", meaning under, and "derma", meaning skin. 1863 medicine
Subcutaneous
The term "subcutaneous" comes from the Latin words 'sub' meaning under and 'cutis' meaning skin (eg cuticle). 1650
Endu @Mbuti: into, inside, under ~ endo @Grk: internal
sub-
word-forming element of Latin origin meaning "under, beneath; behind; from under; resulting from further division," from Latin preposition sub "under, below, beneath, at the foot of," also "close to, up to, towards;" of time, "within, during;" figuratively "subject to, in the power of;" also "a little, somewhat" (as in sub-horridus "somewhat rough"), from PIE *(s)up- (perhaps representing *ex-upo-), a variant form of the root *upo "under," also "up from under," which also yielded Greek hypo- and English up.
The Latin word also was used in Latin as a prefix and in various combinations. In Latin it was reduced to su- before -s- and assimilated to following -c-, -f-, -g-, -p-, and often -r- and -m-.
In Old French the prefix appears in the full Latin form only "in learned adoptions of old Latin compounds" [OED], and in popular use it was represented by sous-, sou-; as in French souvenir from Latin subvenire, souscrire (Old French souzescrire) from subscribere, etc.
The original meaning is now obscure in many words from Latin (suggest, suspect, subject, etc.). The prefix is active in Modern English; the indication generally being:
1. "under, beneath, at the bottom of;" in adverbs "down, low, lower;"
2. "inferior part, agent, division, or degree; inferior, having subordinate position" (subcontractor) also forming official titles (subaltern);
It also can indicate "division into parts or sections;" "next below, near, close to" (subantarctic)
Daud Deden
Nov 4, 2023, 2:34:43 PM11/4/23
to
Is there a new captcha to block spam here? I got a "are you a robot" when I posted.
Daud Deden
Nov 4, 2023, 2:42:32 PM11/4/23
to
On Saturday, November 4, 2023 at 2:34:43 PM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> Is there a new captcha to block spam here? I got a "are you a robot" when I posted.
It does not seem to block the spam, already 3 more after my new post.
> Is there a new captcha to block spam here? I got a "are you a robot" when I posted.
Antonio Marques
Nov 4, 2023, 3:04:36 PM11/4/23
to
Daud Deden
Nov 5, 2023, 7:54:08 AM11/5/23
to
Due to spam attacks at sci.Lang googlegroup (and questionable captcha), Paleo-etymology threads are
at https://groups.io/g/1WorldofWords messages. Drop in if interested, become a group member if you want, comment freely on topics.
DD 11/04/23
Daud Deden
Nov 5, 2023, 10:49:29 PM11/5/23
to
On Monday, September 11, 2023 at 12:04:28 PM UTC-4, Daud Deden wrote:
> Post #3
Figs are a favorite fruit of all arboreal apes. Chimps leave their bowl nests (15m/45') morning sunrise after defecating/urinating in them, safer there than on the ground (folivorous sloths climb down to crap at tree base, spreading pheromones and fertilizer to tree, but frugivorous chimps use visual signs not scent for mating).
Feces in abandoned bowl nests contain organic compost, undigested fiber and fig seeds, which are exposed to shaded sun and rain, germinate & sprout, send rootlets into dung, then aerial roots down to the forest floor, and leaflets up towards canopy as vines around the host tree, much faster than ground-based plants seeded in leached soil, which are heavily shaded. So chimp nests are good for fig proliferation, better than fruitbats & birds which defecate all over but not into rich 'potting soil' containers positioned far above the spatially competitive ground.
This co-beneficial (mutualistic*) relationship with figs may have begun with the split of hominoids into hylobatids (no bowl nests but tree fork sleepers) and great apes (bowl nests). Much later, Homo adapted to forest floor, ~50m from open water, also defecated/urinated *undercover* in the morning, but then carried their bowl/domeshield away leaving dung/urine behind surrounded by a small trench ring moat, probably with some added leaves. Chimps can eat unripe figs, which sicken Homo, we must eat only ripe figs, and even those when consumed en masse can produce diarrhea.
* Symbiosis is a close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is not affected.
Symbiotic < symbios xy(ua)mbuat = when mother (& infant) joined father (& child) into a single nuclear family dome hut, from two domeshields converged, perhaps the origin of the Homo sapiens species ~ <300,000 years ago, and/or the origin of internal hearth.
symbiosis (n.)
1876, as a biological term, "union for life of two different organisms based on mutually benefit," from Greek symbiosis "a living together," from symbioun "live together," from symbios "(one) living together (with another), partner, companion, husband or wife," from assimilated form of syn- "together" (see syn-) + bios "life" (from PIE root *gwei- "to live"
Note: defensively, Homo at night camped in a ring of domes around a climbable escape tree. When attacked they could tilt their shields up together making a circular wall around the group, like the much later derived Roman legions making a square against unleashed volleys of arrows, cavalry charges and pike bearing brigades.
DD
On Sun, Nov 5, 2023, 6:32 AM DDeden <daud....@gmail.com> wrote:
Per primatologists, chimps fart a lot, due to their high foliage diet. Fauna reliant on figs (birds, bats, Anthropoids) have fast acting digestion.
Ground sleeping at night is very hazardous except where predators are absent. This region appears to be a sort of refuge, protected from most people and predators.
> Post #3
Figs are a favorite fruit of all arboreal apes. Chimps leave their bowl nests (15m/45') morning sunrise after defecating/urinating in them, safer there than on the ground (folivorous sloths climb down to crap at tree base, spreading pheromones and fertilizer to tree, but frugivorous chimps use visual signs not scent for mating).
Feces in abandoned bowl nests contain organic compost, undigested fiber and fig seeds, which are exposed to shaded sun and rain, germinate & sprout, send rootlets into dung, then aerial roots down to the forest floor, and leaflets up towards canopy as vines around the host tree, much faster than ground-based plants seeded in leached soil, which are heavily shaded. So chimp nests are good for fig proliferation, better than fruitbats & birds which defecate all over but not into rich 'potting soil' containers positioned far above the spatially competitive ground.
This co-beneficial (mutualistic*) relationship with figs may have begun with the split of hominoids into hylobatids (no bowl nests but tree fork sleepers) and great apes (bowl nests). Much later, Homo adapted to forest floor, ~50m from open water, also defecated/urinated *undercover* in the morning, but then carried their bowl/domeshield away leaving dung/urine behind surrounded by a small trench ring moat, probably with some added leaves. Chimps can eat unripe figs, which sicken Homo, we must eat only ripe figs, and even those when consumed en masse can produce diarrhea.
* Symbiosis is a close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is not affected.
Symbiotic < symbios xy(ua)mbuat = when mother (& infant) joined father (& child) into a single nuclear family dome hut, from two domeshields converged, perhaps the origin of the Homo sapiens species ~ <300,000 years ago, and/or the origin of internal hearth.
symbiosis (n.)
1876, as a biological term, "union for life of two different organisms based on mutually benefit," from Greek symbiosis "a living together," from symbioun "live together," from symbios "(one) living together (with another), partner, companion, husband or wife," from assimilated form of syn- "together" (see syn-) + bios "life" (from PIE root *gwei- "to live"
Note: defensively, Homo at night camped in a ring of domes around a climbable escape tree. When attacked they could tilt their shields up together making a circular wall around the group, like the much later derived Roman legions making a square against unleashed volleys of arrows, cavalry charges and pike bearing brigades.
DD
On Sun, Nov 5, 2023, 6:32 AM DDeden <daud....@gmail.com> wrote:
Per primatologists, chimps fart a lot, due to their high foliage diet. Fauna reliant on figs (birds, bats, Anthropoids) have fast acting digestion.
Ground sleeping at night is very hazardous except where predators are absent. This region appears to be a sort of refuge, protected from most people and predators.
Daud Deden
Nov 7, 2023, 9:54:40 PM11/7/23
to
What's in a name?
English: My name is Jon.
Persian: Namam Jone.
Japanese: Namae wa Jon des.
Mongol: Namaig Jon gedeg.
Indonesian: Nama saya Jon.
Finnish: Nimeni on Jon.
Hungarian: A nevem Jon.
Hindi - naam
Marathi -naav
English: My name is Jon.
Persian: Namam Jone.
Japanese: Namae wa Jon des.
Mongol: Namaig Jon gedeg.
Indonesian: Nama saya Jon.
Finnish: Nimeni on Jon.
Hungarian: A nevem Jon.
Hindi - naam
Marathi -naav
Ruud Harmsen
Nov 8, 2023, 10:28:36 PM11/8/23
to
Wed, 08 Nov 2023 20:42:58 +0100: Ruud Harmsen <r...@rudhar.com>
scribeva:
>Tue, 7 Nov 2023 18:54:37 -0800 (PST): Daud Deden
><daud....@gmail.com> scribeva:
"imilarity to English name and other Indo-European words derived from
*h1nómn? is coincidental. "
>>Mongol: Namaig Jon gedeg.
Namaig is actually a personal pronoun in the accusative:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language#Pronouns
Gedeg is also mentioned in that article, but I don't quite get it.
>>Indonesian: Nama saya Jon.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nama#Etymology_3
A loan from Sanskrit, so yes, Indo-European.
>>Finnish: Nimeni on Jon.
>>
>>Hungarian: A nevem Jon.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A9v#Hungarian
Perhaps a very early loan from or to an IE language. Persian?
>>Hindi - naam
>>
>>Marathi -naav
>
>English, Persian, Hindi and Marathi are IE languages, and nasal have
>undergone little change over the ages. So no coincidence.
>
>The others I don't know
Welcome to the fascinating world of serieus comparitive etymology!
--
Ruud Harmsen, https://rudhar.com
scribeva:
>Tue, 7 Nov 2023 18:54:37 -0800 (PST): Daud Deden
><daud....@gmail.com> scribeva:
>
>>What's in a name?
>>
>>English: My name is Jon.
>>
>>Persian: Namam Jone.
>>
>>Japanese: Namae wa Jon des.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D#Etymology
>>What's in a name?
>>
>>English: My name is Jon.
>>
>>Persian: Namam Jone.
>>
>>Japanese: Namae wa Jon des.
"imilarity to English name and other Indo-European words derived from
*h1nómn? is coincidental. "
>>Mongol: Namaig Jon gedeg.
Namaig is actually a personal pronoun in the accusative:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language#Pronouns
Gedeg is also mentioned in that article, but I don't quite get it.
>>Indonesian: Nama saya Jon.
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nama#Etymology_3
A loan from Sanskrit, so yes, Indo-European.
>>Finnish: Nimeni on Jon.
>>
>>Hungarian: A nevem Jon.
Perhaps a very early loan from or to an IE language. Persian?
>>Hindi - naam
>>
>>Marathi -naav
>
>undergone little change over the ages. So no coincidence.
>
>The others I don't know
Welcome to the fascinating world of serieus comparitive etymology!
--
Ruud Harmsen, https://rudhar.com
Ruud Harmsen
Nov 8, 2023, 10:28:46 PM11/8/23
to
English, Persian, Hindi and Marathi are IE languages, and nasal have
undergone little change over the ages. So no coincidence.
The others I don't know.
undergone little change over the ages. So no coincidence.
Ross Clark
Nov 8, 2023, 10:29:20 PM11/8/23
to
On 9/11/2023 8:54 a.m., Ruud Harmsen wrote:
> Wed, 08 Nov 2023 20:42:58 +0100: Ruud Harmsen <r...@rudhar.com>
> scribeva:
>
>> Tue, 7 Nov 2023 18:54:37 -0800 (PST): Daud Deden
>> <daud....@gmail.com> scribeva:
>>
>>> What's in a name?
>>>
>>> English: My name is Jon.
>>>
>>> Persian: Namam Jone.
>>>
>>> Japanese: Namae wa Jon des.
>
> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D#Etymology
> "imilarity to English name and other Indo-European words derived from
> *h1nómn? is coincidental. "
>
>>> Mongol: Namaig Jon gedeg.
>
> Namaig is actually a personal pronoun in the accusative:
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language#Pronouns
>
> Gedeg is also mentioned in that article, but I don't quite get it.
>
>>> Indonesian: Nama saya Jon.
>
> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nama#Etymology_3
> A loan from Sanskrit, so yes, Indo-European.
Agreed.
> Wed, 08 Nov 2023 20:42:58 +0100: Ruud Harmsen <r...@rudhar.com>
> scribeva:
>
>> Tue, 7 Nov 2023 18:54:37 -0800 (PST): Daud Deden
>> <daud....@gmail.com> scribeva:
>>
>>> What's in a name?
>>>
>>> English: My name is Jon.
>>>
>>> Persian: Namam Jone.
>>>
>>> Japanese: Namae wa Jon des.
>
> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D#Etymology
> "imilarity to English name and other Indo-European words derived from
> *h1nómn? is coincidental. "
>
>>> Mongol: Namaig Jon gedeg.
>
> Namaig is actually a personal pronoun in the accusative:
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language#Pronouns
>
> Gedeg is also mentioned in that article, but I don't quite get it.
>
>>> Indonesian: Nama saya Jon.
>
> https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nama#Etymology_3
> A loan from Sanskrit, so yes, Indo-European.
Proto-Austronesian *ŋajan 'name'. If you're looking for a primeval *na-,
the first syllable of that is only a step away.
Daud Deden
Nov 9, 2023, 9:27:39 AM11/9/23
to
Boma ~ home, dome, womb, tomb?
B + (xy)uam(bu)a?
https://www.outsideonline.com/culture/books-media/naked-and-afraid-real-blair-braverman/
It’s a sufferfest for glory, a chance to face nature and win. Courtesy Discovery(Photo)
Everything on ‘Naked and Afraid’ Is Real—and I Lived It
Updated May 12, 2022
When the Discovery Channel invited me to audition for its popular survival-challenge reality show, I knew it was going to be rough. What followed was one of the most intense experiences of my life.
...
“Is this a thornbush?” I said casually, walking past a ranger.
“There are many thorny bushes,” he said in monotone, eyes on the horizon.
It was worth a try.
As the dusty sky turned blue, I noticed the crew propping cameras in the trees and on tripods around the boma. Then Rachel and the crew left, and the rangers went with them. For the first time, we were alone.
Gary pulled the boma closed around us. We sat on opposite sides of a crackling fire. The firelight danced on the branches and made it look like the sticks were moving.
“I’ll show you something,” Gary said. “We used to do this on XL.” He jammed a stick into the dirt, dislodging a few clods, then smoothed the hole out with his hand. “It’s way more comfortable if you make a hole for your hip. We called it a hip divot.” Then, miraculously, he lay down, fitted his hip into the divot, tucked one foot behind the other, and fell asleep.
I couldn’t imagine sleeping. I sat cross-legged, brushing ash and insects off my skin, nudging the firewood to keep the flames bright. Mark said predators weren’t afraid of coals, so the fire needed constant tending. The night was noisy with rustling grass.
It was almost funny to picture myself as a stranger would see me on TV. I’d be a topic, not a person anymore. The audience was fake to me, and I was fake to it.
I took stock of our worldly possessions: A pile of firewood, plus straw to throw on the fire if animals came close. Our burlap sacks. A knife, a pot, a fire starter, and a Pulaski, which is a combination ax-adze. Two handheld cameras, called diary cams, which we’d use to record our experiences and observations. There was a camouflage drybag tucked under the firewood, which held a two-way radio, a whistle, and glow sticks for emergencies, plus tampons, a singular luxury.
Something pinched my butt cheek, and I pulled a little scorpion off myself, tossed it into the fire. This was oddly reassuring. It hadn’t occurred to me that not all scorpions made you want to die.
A twig cracked.
“Gary,” I said.
He was awake in an instant, one hand on the pot, one grasping a fistful of straw. We froze.
Nothing.
Then there were loud shrieks surrounding us, coming closer from every direction. They sounded like dog howls in reverse: oooooAAAA! oooooAAAA! I leaped over the fire and crouched beside Gary. He was already reaching for his diary cam. “There are hyenas all around us,” he whispered, while I put grass on the flames. “They’re circling us.” He aimed the camera at me.
Later I learned that survivalists tend to compete for screen time, especially in dramatic moments that are likely to make the show, and Gary was offering to share the scene. But at the time, the camera seemed ridiculous. What was I supposed to do, perform? I just wanted the hyenas to go away.
We shouted and banged the pot and built up the fire until a column of sparks rose into the sky and the heat forced us back. Slowly, over several minutes, the shrieks faded, but the darkness whispered all night. I didn’t sleep and kept the fire big. In the morning, we found fresh elephant tracks all around us; we were blocking a path, and a herd had passed just a few feet away. We spent the second day building a new boma a quarter mile to the north.
This second boma was tucked under a fever-berry tree with lime green bark and overlooked a small pool of water in the sandy riverbed of the Limpopo. There was a soft patch of shade above the steep bank, almost like a balcony. We could sit there and watch animals drink, warthogs and antelope and elephants that threaded down natural ramps. The other side of the riverbed was Botswana, and we couldn’t go there, the crew warned us, couldn’t even set foot over the invisible line.
B + (xy)uam(bu)a?
https://www.outsideonline.com/culture/books-media/naked-and-afraid-real-blair-braverman/
It’s a sufferfest for glory, a chance to face nature and win. Courtesy Discovery(Photo)
Everything on ‘Naked and Afraid’ Is Real—and I Lived It
Updated May 12, 2022
When the Discovery Channel invited me to audition for its popular survival-challenge reality show, I knew it was going to be rough. What followed was one of the most intense experiences of my life.
...
“Is this a thornbush?” I said casually, walking past a ranger.
“There are many thorny bushes,” he said in monotone, eyes on the horizon.
It was worth a try.
As the dusty sky turned blue, I noticed the crew propping cameras in the trees and on tripods around the boma. Then Rachel and the crew left, and the rangers went with them. For the first time, we were alone.
Gary pulled the boma closed around us. We sat on opposite sides of a crackling fire. The firelight danced on the branches and made it look like the sticks were moving.
“I’ll show you something,” Gary said. “We used to do this on XL.” He jammed a stick into the dirt, dislodging a few clods, then smoothed the hole out with his hand. “It’s way more comfortable if you make a hole for your hip. We called it a hip divot.” Then, miraculously, he lay down, fitted his hip into the divot, tucked one foot behind the other, and fell asleep.
I couldn’t imagine sleeping. I sat cross-legged, brushing ash and insects off my skin, nudging the firewood to keep the flames bright. Mark said predators weren’t afraid of coals, so the fire needed constant tending. The night was noisy with rustling grass.
It was almost funny to picture myself as a stranger would see me on TV. I’d be a topic, not a person anymore. The audience was fake to me, and I was fake to it.
I took stock of our worldly possessions: A pile of firewood, plus straw to throw on the fire if animals came close. Our burlap sacks. A knife, a pot, a fire starter, and a Pulaski, which is a combination ax-adze. Two handheld cameras, called diary cams, which we’d use to record our experiences and observations. There was a camouflage drybag tucked under the firewood, which held a two-way radio, a whistle, and glow sticks for emergencies, plus tampons, a singular luxury.
Something pinched my butt cheek, and I pulled a little scorpion off myself, tossed it into the fire. This was oddly reassuring. It hadn’t occurred to me that not all scorpions made you want to die.
A twig cracked.
“Gary,” I said.
He was awake in an instant, one hand on the pot, one grasping a fistful of straw. We froze.
Nothing.
Then there were loud shrieks surrounding us, coming closer from every direction. They sounded like dog howls in reverse: oooooAAAA! oooooAAAA! I leaped over the fire and crouched beside Gary. He was already reaching for his diary cam. “There are hyenas all around us,” he whispered, while I put grass on the flames. “They’re circling us.” He aimed the camera at me.
Later I learned that survivalists tend to compete for screen time, especially in dramatic moments that are likely to make the show, and Gary was offering to share the scene. But at the time, the camera seemed ridiculous. What was I supposed to do, perform? I just wanted the hyenas to go away.
We shouted and banged the pot and built up the fire until a column of sparks rose into the sky and the heat forced us back. Slowly, over several minutes, the shrieks faded, but the darkness whispered all night. I didn’t sleep and kept the fire big. In the morning, we found fresh elephant tracks all around us; we were blocking a path, and a herd had passed just a few feet away. We spent the second day building a new boma a quarter mile to the north.
This second boma was tucked under a fever-berry tree with lime green bark and overlooked a small pool of water in the sandy riverbed of the Limpopo. There was a soft patch of shade above the steep bank, almost like a balcony. We could sit there and watch animals drink, warthogs and antelope and elephants that threaded down natural ramps. The other side of the riverbed was Botswana, and we couldn’t go there, the crew warned us, couldn’t even set foot over the invisible line.
Daud Deden
Nov 9, 2023, 2:11:03 PM11/9/23
to
> Boma ~ home, dome, womb, tomb?
> B + (xy)uam(bu)a?
Malay rumah, from Classical Malay rumah (“house”), from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumah
The word boma ultimately comes from the Persian word būm, which means "garrison, dwelling place, country, region".
Bumi.putera or bumiputra (Jawi: بوميڤوترا, Native)
The term is derived from the Sanskrit which was later absorbed into the classical Malay word bhumiputra (Sanskrit: भूमिपुत्र, romanized: bhū́mi.putra), which can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil".
Domus @Ltn < domos @Grk : domain
Ximali @Azt: shield
Homeground, homebase defending/protecting/shielding territory
House/hut/shed is the constructed shelter, home is the base ~ fam.ily xyuambuatlay wambua(t)l
homo- @Grk: same vs hetero- ; Homo @Ltn: human
The prefix "homo-" comes from the Greek word homós, which means "same".
It can also mean "equal, like," or "belonging to two or more jointly" [hut shared by parents?]
Daud Deden
Nov 9, 2023, 2:45:43 PM11/9/23
to
On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 2:11:03 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> > Boma ~ home, dome, womb, tomb?
> > B + (xy)uam(bu)a?
> Ham @Anglo-Saxon : home, heim
>
> Malay rumah, from Classical Malay rumah (“house”), from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumah
>
> The word boma ultimately comes from the Persian word būm, which means "garrison, dwelling place, country, region".
>
> Bumi.putera or bumiputra (Jawi: بوميڤوترا, Native)
> The term is derived from the Sanskrit which was later absorbed into the classical Malay word bhumiputra (Sanskrit: भूमिपुत्र, romanized: bhū́mi.putra), which can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil".
>
> Domus @Ltn < domos @Grk : domain
>
> Ximali @Azt: shield
>
> Homeground, homebase defending/protecting/shielding territory
>
> House/hut/shed is the constructed shelter, home is the base ~ fam.ily xyuambuatlay wambua(t)l
>
> homo- @Grk: same vs hetero- ; Homo @Ltn: human
>
> The prefix "homo-" comes from the Greek word homós, which means "same".
> It can also mean "equal, like," or "belonging to two or more jointly" [hut shared by parents?]
So finally.
> > Boma ~ home, dome, womb, tomb?
> > B + (xy)uam(bu)a?
> Ham @Anglo-Saxon : home, heim
>
> Malay rumah, from Classical Malay rumah (“house”), from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumah
>
> The word boma ultimately comes from the Persian word būm, which means "garrison, dwelling place, country, region".
>
> Bumi.putera or bumiputra (Jawi: بوميڤوترا, Native)
> The term is derived from the Sanskrit which was later absorbed into the classical Malay word bhumiputra (Sanskrit: भूमिपुत्र, romanized: bhū́mi.putra), which can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil".
>
> Domus @Ltn < domos @Grk : domain
>
> Ximali @Azt: shield
>
> Homeground, homebase defending/protecting/shielding territory
>
> House/hut/shed is the constructed shelter, home is the base ~ fam.ily xyuambuatlay wambua(t)l
>
> homo- @Grk: same vs hetero- ; Homo @Ltn: human
>
> The prefix "homo-" comes from the Greek word homós, which means "same".
> It can also mean "equal, like," or "belonging to two or more jointly" [hut shared by parents?]
Ximali similar share !hxaro xyuambuatla cognates: shared home/shield/ostrich eggshell trade
> > https://www.outsideonline.com/culture/books-media/naked-and-afraid-real-blair-braverman/
> >
> >
Daud Deden
Nov 9, 2023, 3:17:15 PM11/9/23
to
On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 2:45:43 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 2:11:03 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> > > Boma ~ home, dome, womb, tomb?
> > > B + (xy)uam(bu)a?
> > Ham @Anglo-Saxon : home, heim
> >
> > Malay rumah, from Classical Malay rumah (“house”), from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumah
> >
> > The word boma ultimately comes from the Persian word būm, which means "garrison, dwelling place, country, region".
> >
> > Bumi.putera or bumiputra (Jawi: بوميڤوترا, Native)
> > The term is derived from the Sanskrit which was later absorbed into the classical Malay word bhumiputra (Sanskrit: भूमिपुत्र, romanized: bhū́mi.putra), which can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil".
> >
> > Domus @Ltn < domos @Grk : domain
> >
> > Chimali @Azt: shield
> On Thursday, November 9, 2023 at 2:11:03 PM UTC-5, Daud Deden wrote:
> > > Boma ~ home, dome, womb, tomb?
> > > B + (xy)uam(bu)a?
> > Ham @Anglo-Saxon : home, heim
> >
> > Malay rumah, from Classical Malay rumah (“house”), from Proto-Malayic *rumah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumah
> >
> > The word boma ultimately comes from the Persian word būm, which means "garrison, dwelling place, country, region".
> >
> > Bumi.putera or bumiputra (Jawi: بوميڤوترا, Native)
> > The term is derived from the Sanskrit which was later absorbed into the classical Malay word bhumiputra (Sanskrit: भूमिपुत्र, romanized: bhū́mi.putra), which can be translated literally as "son of the land" or "son of the soil".
> >
> > Domus @Ltn < domos @Grk : domain
> >
> >
> > Homeground, homebase defending/protecting/shielding territory
> >
> > House/hut/shed is the constructed shelter, home is the base ~ fam.ily xyuambuatlay wambua(t)l
> >
> > homo- @Grk: same vs hetero- ; Homo @Ltn: human
> >
> > The prefix "homo-" comes from the Greek word homós, which means "same".
> > It can also mean "equal, like," or "belonging to two or more jointly" [hut shared by parents?]
> So finally.
>
> Chimalli similar share !hxaro xyuambuatla cognates: shared home/shield/ostrich eggshell trade
> > Homeground, homebase defending/protecting/shielding territory
> >
> > House/hut/shed is the constructed shelter, home is the base ~ fam.ily xyuambuatlay wambua(t)l
> >
> > homo- @Grk: same vs hetero- ; Homo @Ltn: human
> >
> > The prefix "homo-" comes from the Greek word homós, which means "same".
> > It can also mean "equal, like," or "belonging to two or more jointly" [hut shared by parents?]
> So finally.
>
> > > https://www.outsideonline.com/culture/books-media/naked-and-afraid-real-blair-braverman/
Chuum, chuuq
cy.mbal/skin.bell
(T)uahuahtj(u)an(ka) =3xshield
Ykm @AEgypt: shield
Monguolu/Magal/magen/pacal
Magen/magal/pacal/ta.rga/wahachuanka/paahu.tu.wvota/tu.dung/ta.meng/si.paru/chi.malli/che.ltia@Azt: she.lter chi.ldren
Note: ta.mga/ta.maga@Mongol: stamp, round-seal, shield-shell?
Chimalli @Azt shield
Chuum @Nenets tipi
> Khamara@Arb: to cover
> > > > > > Khimar@Arb: a cover
> Chimal@Commanche: shield
> > > > > > Chimalli@Azt: shield
> > > > > > Sipar@Persian: shield
> > > > > > Pakal@Maya: shield (xyua lost due to forest canopy?)
> > > > > > Buckler@Egl: shield
Perisai, melindungi@Mly: shield
Kalkan@Trk: shield, (metal)
> > > > > *XY(ua)(M/b/P)a(R/LL)I from *Xyuambuatlay ~ cy.mbal/skin.bell/an.vil(turtle shell/swell/mabul)
> > > > > sy.mbol tamga-tamag@Mongolian: s.tamp/blaze/brand
> > > > skel- (1), *kel-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to cut."
> > > > It forms all or part of: coulter; cutlass; half; halve; scale (n.1) "skin plates on fish or snakes;" scale (n.2) "weighing instrument;" scalene; scallop; scalp; scalpel; school (n.2) "group of fish;" sculpture; shale; sheldrake; shelf; shell; shield; shoal (n.2) "large number;" skoal; skill. [DD: scute]
> > > >
> > > > shell (n.)
> > > > Old English sciell, scill, Anglian scell "seashell, eggshell," related to Old English scealu "shell, husk," from Proto-Germanic *skaljo "piece cut off; shell; scale" (source also of West Frisian skyl "peel, rind," Middle Low German schelle "pod, rind, egg shell," Gothic skalja "tile"), with the shared notion of "covering that splits off," from PIE root *skel- (1) "to cut." Italian scaglia "chip" is from Germanic. [DD: !hxaro]
> > > >
> > > > shelter (n.)
> > > > 1580s, "structure affording protection," possibly an alteration of Middle English sheltron, sheldtrume "roof or wall formed by locked shields," from Old English scyldtruma, from scield "shield" (see shield (n.)) + truma "troop," related to Old English trum "strong, firm, stable," from Proto-Germanic *trum-, from PIE *dru-mo-, suffixed form of root *deru- "be firm, solid, steadfast [DD: endura]
> > > >
> > > > Scute(n) Borrowed from Latin scutum (“shield”). Compare scutum, escudo and scudo. Scales of tortoise shell
> > > Scutum
> > > Etymology
> > > Referred to either Proto-Indo-European *skewH- (“to cover, protect”) or Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, split”). See obscūrus, Old Irish scíath, Russian щит (ščit). [DD: cover, protect, not cut]
> > >
> > > cuticle (n.)
> > > 1610s, "outer layer of the skin, epidermis," from Latin cuticula, diminutive of cutis "skin," from PIE root *(s)keu- "to cover, conceal" (source also of hide (n.1)). Specialized sense of "skin at the base of the nail" is from 1907
> > >
> > > cortex (n.)
> > > 1650s, "outer shell, husk;" in botany, zoology, anatomy, "some part or structure resembling bark or rind," from Latin cortex "bark of a tree" (from PIE root *sker- (1) "to cut"). Specifically of the brain, by 1741
> > >
> > > Neo-etymologists have confused skin-hide-cover with cut-split.
> > Escudo@Spn: shield
> > Escondido/a@Spn: hide
Daud Deden
Nov 13, 2023, 11:50:38 AM11/13/23
to
What is steppe? A vast treeless plain. It might be shrubs, herbs, mosses, grasses, but few or no trees.
From German Steppe or French steppe, in turn from Russian степь (stepʹ, “flat grassy plain”) or Ukrainian степ (step). There is no generally accepted earlier etymology, but there is a speculative Old East Slavic reconstruction *сътепь (sŭtepĭ, “trampled place, flat, bare”), related to топот (topot), топтать (toptatĭ).
https://en.m.wiktionary.org › wiki
Is there a Croatian word similar to toptati or topot? [I asked Mario P]
Yes, "topot", trample. "Topot konja" is the sound horse hooves produce when running in steppe ('konj' means horse).
https://youtu.be/qEumcT_Z_B0?si=pcrQrj3wyH2SAzFI
It is very well described in this popular Russian song. The English title is 'Meadowlands':
https://youtu.be/qNBSetc9nNQ?si=bRZAbRtfBCL1BMjh
There is also a Croatian word "toptati", not used often. In this YouTube video (there is also a Croatian version) it is a Croatian translation of 'stomp', which is pretty close to 'steppe':
https://youtu.be/JkUXNzQej4I?si=KbvG6HPgKVmb63Z2&t=197
Stomp', in turn, is similar to Croatian 'stupati', which is what soldiers do. [March] The title on this video is half Russian (I suppose). The word 'topot' (or something similar, I know Serbian cyrillic, in this word there is one letter that I don't know) is the third from left, and in American half of the title this is translated as 'stomp'. Croats would say 'stupanje', or 'stupati;, while for horses doing the same would be 'topot' or 'toptati' in Croatian:
https://youtu.be/yExQZ15Dt1E?si=yQCIW3wWc9RmQ8MI
Steppe step stamp stampede trample
tamga @ Turkish : stamp
In dry season, on open plains, by running hoofed quadrupeds, not in damp forest soils by bipeds or climbing cats or walking elephants. [Dampen is to wet but also to quiet]
Must be the same as topo-graphy/logy, like a topo map that shows height and depth per 1' interval steps.
Pas in French negates, but means step, probably from stepas or so.
Is step linked to stegos @Grk: roof, via stepped shingles/tiles, which appears linked to shield?
The word stego- comes from the Ancient Greek word stégos, which means "roof". It is a combining form that means "cover" and is used in the formation of compound words.
Steganography: Comes from the Greek word steganosgraphia, which combines the words steganós (covered or concealed) and -graphia (writing)
In the Bible, the word stego means "cover, conceal, protect". For example, in the New Testament Greek Lexicon, stego means "by covering to keep off something which threatens, to bear up against, hold out against, and so endure, bear, forbear".
Is step linked to estufa @Spn: stove or stupa @Hind: temple? Carlos L. claimed link to both tepetl @Azt: mountain and temple, perhaps tempo & temper.
Stegosaurus
Daud Deden
Nov 14, 2023, 1:07:40 AM11/14/23
to
Maru @ Jpn : 円, 丸 (まる, maru, “circle”, also a suffix for ship names).
Te maru @ Maori : place of shelter
Malu @Mly : shame, shy (shielded, shaded, hide)
Maybe from Mongolu M(uAngu)ALU dome shield shelter hide from sun, with circular periphery; but why not kupharigolu?
Daud Deden
Nov 14, 2023, 11:16:37 AM11/14/23
to
Coracle (Wel)/curragh (Ire) ~ cwrg.wl ~ kupharigolu ~ kudhru (Tibet)/parical (Karnataka
Daud Deden
Nov 15, 2023, 9:59:46 AM11/15/23
to
Melindungi @Mly: shield ~ mela @Grk: dark; malu @Mly: shy, shame, shield; maru @Jpn: circle
Loss of chi- (chimal, chimalli), si-, (sipar) leaves meli, malu, maru
Mail/maille armor? Net bag mesh
mail (n.2)
"metal ring armor," c. 1300, from Old French maille "link of mail, mesh of net," from Latin macula "mesh in a net," originally "spot, blemish," on notion that the gaps in a net or mesh looked like spots. Its use dates from late Roman times. The favorite armor in Europe 12c.-13c., it was effective, but heavy and costly.
mail (n.1)
"post, letters," c. 1200, "a traveling bag, sack for keeping small articles of personal property," a sense now obsolete, from Old French male "wallet, bag, bundle," from Frankish *malha or some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *malho- (source also of Old High German malaha "wallet, bag," Middle Dutch male "bag"), from PIE *molko- "skin, bag.
(Molko @PIE: skin, bag? Not skin, but body?)
Melangun @Indon.: practice of a nomadic tribe in Sumatra (Suku Anak Dalam, tribe children interior) which moves when a member dies (same as Mbuti)
https://southeastasiaglobe.com/nomad-indigenous-rights-indonesia/
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