Ruth Phillips takes a look at endurance and extreme
sports and asks, could they be a hidden form of selfharm
for some.
Exercise and activity are vital to our wellbeing. Over
the last 30 years, a substantial body of literature linking
physical activity and reduced incidence of depression
has accumulated (Gilbert 2000, Mental Health
Foundation 2005). It is not just the exercise that is so
beneficial, but also the connection with other people that
it provides, and the stimulation of getting out and about.
However, some sports, or levels of activity, due to the
extreme exertion, control or risk they demand, lend
themselves particularly to becoming harmful. Activities
such as ultra marathons, mountain running, Ironman
competitions (for which competitors train at an extremely
intensive level to swim 2.4 miles, cycle 112 miles and run
26.2 miles and winners finish in under nine hours), and
extreme mountaineering, could be described as hidden
forms of self-harm. ‘Hidden’, because they are put on a
pedestal by society. One self-harm report describes “an
Ironman phenomenon manifesting itself in the general
population under various socially acceptable guises”
(Conterio and Lader 1998).
WHAT IS SELF-HARM?
The Mental Health Foundation states that “Self harm
describes a wide range of things that people do to
themselves in a deliberate and usually hidden way. In
the vast majority of cases self harm remains a secretive
behaviour that can go on for a long time without being
discovered.” (Mental Health Foundation, 2006). Most
definitions include activities and lifestyles such as
starving or compulsively exercising (Favazza 1996
in Long and Jenkins 2010). Because of the feelings
of control and release they provide, they can also be
addictive.
WHEN DOES HARD SPORT BECOME SELF-HARM?
On discussion forums on Ironman UK and similar sites,
it seems some people inhabit a world bordering on
obsession with punishing schedules. There are of course
those who retain a healthy perspective on their sport,
and appear to enjoy it. However, there are those whose
words bear more resemblance to those in self-harm
forums in how they glorify pain. These are perhaps
the people who are crossing a line into an activity that
has punishing and addictive qualities for them. They
revel in discussions on restricted diets, weight control,
demanding training regimes and even hallucinating
during punishing runs.
This is not to say that one cannot enjoy high risk or
high endurance and extreme sports. Athletes describe
how there is something about the intensity of extreme
endurance that causes them to feel very alive. Just
as is recommended in
treatment for self-harm, it is important
not to judge solely from a practitioner’s frame of
reference. Indeed a sports psychologist might view a
highly rigorous and punishing regime as normal.
HOW TO RECOGNISE THE SIGNS AND WHERE TO
FIND HELP
Many become aware themselves that their chosen
activity or lifestyle has crossed into something harmful
and seek support from fellow athletes.
Ironman.co.uk
recognises ‘Ironman blues’ - sadness, loss of direction,
depression - and provides remedies and support for
this condition, advising competitors to concentrate
on relationships and pleasurable activities, and not
to feel guilty. If it has become more serious, affecting
relationships and happiness, someone may choose to
enter into counselling or psychotherapy, to explore why
their chosen activity has become too punishing and
possibly harmful.
As in so many aspects of mental health, it is good to be
familiar with your own fears or vulnerabilities - you will be
less likely to use extreme or endurance sports negatively,
to a level that is harmful, or starts to take control of
your life. To compete in activities at the levels described
above does require one to be driven - let that not
necessarily be, as the saying goes, ‘driven by demons’.
REFERENCES
- Conterio, K. and Lader, W. 1998, Bodily harm,
Hyperion: New York.
- Department of Health, At least five a week: Evidence
on the impact of physical activity and its relationship
to health, A report from the Chief Medical Officer, April
2004,
www.dh.gov.uk [accessed 27 July 2010].
- Gilbert, P. 2000, Overcoming depression, 2nd ed,
Constable and Robinson Ltd: London.
- Long, M. and Jenkins, M. 2010, Counsellors’
perspectives on self-harm and the role of the therapeutic
relationship for working with clients who self-harm,
Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 10 (3), 192-
200.
- Macfarlane, R. 2003, Mountains of the mind, Granta
Publications: London.
- Mental Health Foundation, 2005, Up and running?
Exercise therapy and the treatment of mild or moderate
depression in primary care, Mental Health Foundation:
London.
- Mental Health Foundation, 2006, The truth hurts: report
of the national enquiry into self-harm among young
people, p5, Mental Health Foundation: London.
- NICE Clinical guideline 23 Depression, Management of
Extreme sports - a hidden form
of self-harm for some?
depression in primary and secondary care, December
2004, NICE,
www.nice.org.uk [accessed 27 July 2010].
- Royal College of Psychiatrists. Self-Harm [online
leaflet], 2007,
www.rpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinfoforall/
problems/depression/self-harm.aspx [accessed 29 July
2010].
USEFUL WEBSITES
- National Self-harm Network,
www.nshn.co.uk
- BEAT: National Eating Disorders Association. Includes
information on compulsive exercising,
www.b-eat.co.uk
- Information on compulsive exercise and overtraining
syndrome,
http://sportsmedicine.about.com/cs/
eatingdisorders1/a/compulsive_ex.htm
MORE INFORMATION
To find out more about therapy for those who self-harm
at our First Psychology centres, or to arrange an initial
session, contact your local centre:
ABERDEEN:
in...@aberdeenpsychology.co.uk,
tel: 01896-872-1780,
www.aberdeenpsychology.co.uk
BORDERS:
in...@borderspsychology.co.uk,
tel: 01896-800-400,
www.borderspsychology.co.uk
EDINBURGH:
in...@edinburghtherapy.co.uk,
tel: 0131-668-1440,
www.edinburghtherapy.co.uk
GLASGOW:
in...@glasgowpsychology.co.uk,
tel: 0141-404-5411,
www.glasgowpsychology.co.uk