From:
http://waterfuelcell.org/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=1299
Posted: Sat May 09, 2009 8:24 am Post subject: The Physics of
Efficient Water Splitting::Stan's secrets exp
by: HMS-776
This post and the things described in it are not up for debate.
Everything explained in this post is physics law.
Voltage is defined as an electric potential (charge) at a point in
space.
Voltage can be of a positive charge, defined as a lack of electrons
Or a negative charge, defined as an excess of electrons
Voltage is the driving force that causes the movement of electrons
(current flow)
In Physics we know that like charges repel, and opposite charges
attract
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potential
http://physics.bu.edu/py106/notes/Charge.html
The atom consists of two charged parts, the Proton which carries a
positive charge, and the electron which carries a negative charge. In
most atoms and molecules there is an equal number of each, meaning
that they are in stable state.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom
The combination of opposite charges attract each other to hold atoms
and molecules together. In the water molecule the charge that holds
the atoms together is known as a covalent bond.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond
Looking at the water molecule:
If you look at the water molecule, you'll quickly find the way that
it is arranged the atoms have seperate charges, The Hydrogen atoms
have a positive charge and the oxygen atoms carries a negative
charge.
http://www.shorstmeyer.com/msj/geo130/water/water.html
Now we know that voltage is an electrical attraction force, which can
cause current (electrons) to flow by moving them from one atom to
another.
We know that there are two charges, Positive and negative. A positive
charge being defined as a lack of electrons. A negative charge being
defined as an excess of electrons.
We also know in physics everything must reach a stable state, so when
a difference in potential exists current flows until there is no
difference in potential (all atoms reach a stable state).
So, if we place the water molecule between two plates charged with
opposite voltages, we know that the electrons spinning around the atom
will all be attracted toward the positive plate, and the proton will
be attracted toward the negative plate (opposites attract) thus
slowing down the orbital movement of the atom(s), the higher the
charges become the further the atom will be slowed down and pulled
apart, until eventually the molecule splits into it's component
atoms.
This is how common electrolysis works.
No, to go a little deeper. If we have a wire, and each side of that
wire has an equal, but opposite charge, current will begin to flow.
The moving electrons (current flow) will fill in voids (areas with
missing electrons) at one side of the circuit. This will cause many
previously positive charges to combine with electrons (negative
charges) to reach a stable state, cancelling out there charge, meaning
that voltage potential will decrease.
In common electrolysis the water has an electrolyte added to make the
water more conductive (current flows easier). This causes an excessive
current flow, which decreases the voltage potential (as described
above). Electrolysis has been proven to be most efficient at less than
2 volts.
"A cell operating at
the theoretical voltage of 1.23 volts is 100 percent efficient. The
amount of voltage above 1.23 required to operate the cell is
wasted. The objective, then, is to make a cell that will operate
as close to this voltage as possible."
http://www.billingsenergy.com/Research/HWV-Chapter_09.PDF
see page 6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water
So with electrolysis the voltage with the highest efficiency is only
1.23 Volts. As we know voltage is an electrical attraction force, 1.23
Volts is not much.
If we were able to increase the voltage, and restrict current flow we
could break the current model of 1.23 volts peak potential by hundreds
or even thousands of percent more! That is exactly what Stan did.
To make his method the most efficient he used what is known as a
resonant charging choke circuit. The circuit is a LC circuit which can
be operated at resonance for maximum efficiency.
In an LC circuit resonance is when the capacitive reactance and the
inductive reactance cancel each other out, meaning that the circuit
can operate at it's maximum amplitude, in this case amplitude is
referring to voltage while amp flow is restricted.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_6/3.html
"A word of caution is in order with series LC resonant circuits:
because of the high currents which may be present in a series LC
circuit at resonance, it is possible to produce dangerously high
voltage drops across the capacitor and the inductor"
To increase efficiency even more Stan added inductors to the circuit,
the inductors build up a magnetic field when current is flowing
through them, and the field collapses when current stops causing an
extra pulse when a blocking diode is used.
In the case of splitting water, it only makes sense that the longer
the voltage was applied to the water the more water would be split. So
when Stan added the inductors to the circuit he did them for that
exact reason. A secondary (high voltage transformer/inductor) and the
water capacitor had a large off time, but by adding inductors he can
do the following:
In the resonant charging choke circuit, the circuit contains 3
inductors, one which is the secondary of the transformer and the other
two are used to do the following:
When a magnetic field is created (by the transformer primary) and
collapses it creates a pulse through the secondary winding which goes
through the chokes and creates a magnetic field around them, as the
magnetic field collapses around the chokes another pulse is created.
As Stan States in patent # 4,936,961: talking about the Resonant
Charging Choke circuit:
"In this manner a continuous voltage is produced across the capacitor
plates…”
So there you see. By restricting current the voltage potential
(attraction force) can be brought much higher. To increase the
efficiency even more the circuit was operated at resonance, and
inductors were added to prevent the capacitor from discharging, giving
it a constant voltage.
This is where Stan hit some difficult challenges in his work, and
this is where most forums and individuals are stuck. Resonance.
You have to realize that with water as the dielectric resonance will
not stay the same for any length of time. In fact it changes
constantly. Changing temperature, water splitting in the cell creating
bubbles between the plates, Water being split and leaving behind it’s
contaminants in the WFC and a few other factors cause the problem of
keeping resonance for any amount of time.
So Stan went on to develop the PLL circuit, a circuit which
automatically detects resonance and continuously scans signals as
resonance changes to keep the circuit as close to resonance as
possible.
A PLL circuit is commonly known in electronics as a Phase lock Loop,
it is made for matching frequencies and doing many more things.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked_loop
http://scopeboy.com/tesla/drsstc/index.html
Example of PLL use for resonance in a tesla coil
After much time the circuits were made to work, but were scrapped for
his newest invention. The invention I call the MAGNETRON WFC.
We have all seen the picture of Stan Meyers WFC, the one that
contains the delrin housing, the magnet, ETC.
Here I will discuss this type of the WFC, I am not the first one to
point this out as it has been discussed by many others.
First, looking at a magnetron you should see 3 things about this WFC
that jump out at you:
1. The SS tube
2. The Magnet
3. The Vanes
In this WFC the SS tube (cathode) is given a high voltage negative
charge. This charge being negative produces a repelling force on the
surrounding electrons and the electrons are pushed away from the
cathode. The magnetic field produced by the permanent magnet has an
effect on the electrons and causes them to move spirally, outward
from
the cathode.
As the electrons move past the vanes (Anode Vanes) a
voltage is induced into the vanes that is equal to the cathode
voltage. The vanes being connected to each other form tiny LC
resonant
circuits as they not only have a current flowing through them which
forms an inductor but they have space between them which forms a
capacitor.
Because of the movement of the electrons which also carry a
magnetic field voltages are induced into the anode vanes. It is the
opposite voltages in the anode vanes that split the water molecules.
The resonant frequency is pumped into the cavities and no resonant
scanning locking circuit (PLL) is needed.
It should be noted that as the anode vanes are small they form very
small LC circuits which resonate at high frequencies which may
operate in the MICROWAVE range!
http://www.upv.es/gcm/docente/magnetron.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/waves/magnetron.html
http://www.tufts.edu/as/tampl/en43/lecture_notes/ch7.html
http://www.cpii.com/docs/related/2/Mag%20tech%20art.pdf
The Websites above give a very good explanation of how Stan’s
magnetron WFC works.
Note that meyers setup the anode vanes were of a different
configuration that common magnetrons use.
So now we should know how 2 versions of the WFC work:
1. SS tube type
2. Magnetron type
The SS tube type split the water molecules using high voltage of
opposite polarity pulsed at resonant frequencies which are
controlled
by the resonant scanning/locking (PLL) circuit.
The Magnetron type split the water molecules using high voltage of
opposite polarity at resonant frequencies which are “pumped”
into the anode vanes and DO NOT require a resonant scanning/locking
circuit.
The only problem with the magnetron circuit is that, as each tiny LC
circuit only had one inductance the voltage was not constant. And as
we know when there are voltage off times between pulses we loose
efficiency. There was also the problem of hydrogen under pressure, as
we know hydrogen is extremely flammable, and when under pressure there
could be leaks, explosions etc.
Now on to the final, and best invention! The INJECTORS.
Looking at the injectors it seems very complex, hard to understand.
After all there is only one wire going to them from the distributor.
How could one wire (one voltage) split the water molecule when it
takes both positive and negative voltage to do that.
In the Tech Brief Stan claims a negative voltage is formed in the
injector due to "electron bunching or clustering.''
The Negative voltage is "induced" inside the injector. The formation
of this charge is known in physics as ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_induction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJ36EtABLAk&feature=PlayList&p=8F65598...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatics
Electrostatic induction is basically when one charged object charges
another nearby object to an opposite charge. This is because of the
physics law, opposites attract, like charges repel.
If you have an object which has a high positive charge (lack of
electrons) and you put it toward another object the positive charge
will attract electrons (negative charge) toward it, creating a
negative charge on the surface closest to the positive charged object,
while at the same time the positive charged object will repel the
positive charges on the other object away from it.
So you see, the Injectors work to split the water molecule using high
voltage of opposite charge. In the Tech Brief Stan claims the WFC can
be made as small as a Spark Plug.
He makes all three inventions seem like they are the same device, but
really as you’ve read you can see they are different. The part that is
the same is the fact that they all use HIGH VOLTAGE OF OPPOSITE
POLARITY while restricting amp flow “influxing” to split the water
molecule.
Now to make the resonance changes smaller in the Injectors, Stan used
an electrostatic filter to attract and trap contaminants in the water,
increasing the dielectric value of the dielectric, which increased the
capacitance, which reduced the resonant frequency and also made the
changes in resonance smaller.
Hope you enjoyed the explanation.
Please note that nothing written here is “Theory”. Everything here
has been proven and is common physics law, See references for more
understanding and proof of the simplicity Stan Meyers work. The
simplicity of his work is one reason why he made everything so
complicated and hard to understand, to protect it from being stolen.
If the common man understood the simplicity of creating and using
energy there would be no such thing as oil monopolies, pollution, and
carbon taxes! Our biggest cities would have the cleanest air, there
would be no third world countries, and our entire world would thrive
in it’s existence.
Last edited by HMS-776 on Tue May 12, 2009 6:17 am; edited 12 times in
total