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Heritable Epistasis
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john...@gmail.com
May 15, 2013, 3:58:00 PM5/15/13
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"Our findings help us to understand processes that occur during early human development and the differentiation of a stem cell into specialized cells, which ultimately form tissues in the body," says co-lead author Joseph R. Ecker, a professor and director of Salk's Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and holder of the Salk International Council Chair in Genetics.
Scientists have established that the gene expression program encoded in DNA is carried out by proteins that bind to regulatory genes and modulate gene expression in response to environmental cues. Growing evidence now shows that maintenance of this process depends on epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation and chromatin modifications, biochemical processes that alter gene expression as cells divide and differentiate from embryonic stem cells into specific tissues. Epigenetic modifications嚙箱ollectively known as the epigenome嚙箱ontrol which genes are turned on or off without changing the letters of the DNA alphabet (A-T-C-G), providing cells with an additional tool to fine-tune how genes control the cellular machinery.
In their study, the Salk researchers and their collaborators from several prominent research institutions across the United States examined the beginning state of cells, before and after they developed into specific cell types. Starting with a single cell type嚙緣he H1 human embryonic stem cell, the most widely studied stem cell line to date嚙緣he team followed the cells' epigenome from development to different cell states, looking at the dynamics in changes to epigenetic marks from one state to another. Were they methylated, an essential process for normal development, or unmethylated? What happened to the cells during development? What regulatory processes occurred in the cell lineage?
The scientists found sections of the DNA that activate regulatory genes, which in turn control the activity of other genes, tend to have different amounts of letters of the DNA alphabet, "C" and "G" specifically, depending on when these regulatory genes are turned on during development. Additionally, regulatory genes that control early development are often located on stretches of DNA called methylation valleys, or DMVs, that are generally CG rich and devoid of epigenetic chemical modifications known as methylation. Consequently, these genes have to be regulated by another epigenetic mechanism, which the authors found were chemical changes called chromatin modifications. Chromatin is the mass of material嚙瘩NA and proteins嚙箠n a cell's nucleus that helps to control gene expression.
http://www.salk.edu/news/pressrelease_details.php?press_id=615
JE:-
The above represents an impossibility unless the non additive epistatic relationship between the controlling genes that code for controlling proteins and the structural genes they epigentically control over organism generations are at least partly heritable. Therefore, Hamilton is required to minimally include e=2 within Hamilton's Rule rendering the rule and poly-centric Neo Darwinism, inoperable.
John Edser
Independent Researcher
ed...@ozemail.com.au
Scientists have established that the gene expression program encoded in DNA is carried out by proteins that bind to regulatory genes and modulate gene expression in response to environmental cues. Growing evidence now shows that maintenance of this process depends on epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation and chromatin modifications, biochemical processes that alter gene expression as cells divide and differentiate from embryonic stem cells into specific tissues. Epigenetic modifications嚙箱ollectively known as the epigenome嚙箱ontrol which genes are turned on or off without changing the letters of the DNA alphabet (A-T-C-G), providing cells with an additional tool to fine-tune how genes control the cellular machinery.
In their study, the Salk researchers and their collaborators from several prominent research institutions across the United States examined the beginning state of cells, before and after they developed into specific cell types. Starting with a single cell type嚙緣he H1 human embryonic stem cell, the most widely studied stem cell line to date嚙緣he team followed the cells' epigenome from development to different cell states, looking at the dynamics in changes to epigenetic marks from one state to another. Were they methylated, an essential process for normal development, or unmethylated? What happened to the cells during development? What regulatory processes occurred in the cell lineage?
The scientists found sections of the DNA that activate regulatory genes, which in turn control the activity of other genes, tend to have different amounts of letters of the DNA alphabet, "C" and "G" specifically, depending on when these regulatory genes are turned on during development. Additionally, regulatory genes that control early development are often located on stretches of DNA called methylation valleys, or DMVs, that are generally CG rich and devoid of epigenetic chemical modifications known as methylation. Consequently, these genes have to be regulated by another epigenetic mechanism, which the authors found were chemical changes called chromatin modifications. Chromatin is the mass of material嚙瘩NA and proteins嚙箠n a cell's nucleus that helps to control gene expression.
http://www.salk.edu/news/pressrelease_details.php?press_id=615
JE:-
The above represents an impossibility unless the non additive epistatic relationship between the controlling genes that code for controlling proteins and the structural genes they epigentically control over organism generations are at least partly heritable. Therefore, Hamilton is required to minimally include e=2 within Hamilton's Rule rendering the rule and poly-centric Neo Darwinism, inoperable.
John Edser
Independent Researcher
ed...@ozemail.com.au
William L Hunt
May 20, 2013, 3:33:09 PM5/20/13
to
On Wed, 15 May 2013 15:58:00 -0400 (EDT), john...@gmail.com wrote:
>"Our findings help us to understand processes that occur during early human development and the differentiation of a stem cell into specialized cells, which ultimately form tissues in the body," says co-lead author Joseph R. Ecker, a professor and director of Salk's Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and holder of the Salk International Council Chair in Genetics.
>
>Scientists have established that the gene expression program encoded in DNA is carried out by proteins that bind to regulatory genes and modulate gene expression in response to environmental cues. Growing evidence now shows that maintenance of this process depends on epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation and chromatin modifications, biochemical processes that alter gene expression as cells divide and differentiate from embryonic stem cells into specific tissues. Epigenetic modifications�collectively known as the epigenome�control which genes are turned on or off without changing the letters of the DNA alphabet (A-T-C-G), providing cells with an additional tool to fine-tune how genes control the cellular machinery.
>"Our findings help us to understand processes that occur during early human development and the differentiation of a stem cell into specialized cells, which ultimately form tissues in the body," says co-lead author Joseph R. Ecker, a professor and director of Salk's Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and holder of the Salk International Council Chair in Genetics.
>
>
>In their study, the Salk researchers and their collaborators from several prominent research institutions across the United States examined the beginning state of cells, before and after they developed into specific cell types. Starting with a single cell type�the H1 human embryonic stem cell, the most widely studied stem cell line to date�the team followed the cells' epigenome from development to different cell states, looking at the dynamics in changes to epigenetic marks from one state to another. Were they methylated, an essential process for normal development, or unmethylated? What happened to the cells during development? What regulatory processes occurred in the cell lineage?
>
>The scientists found sections of the DNA that activate regulatory genes, which in turn control the activity of other genes, tend to have different amounts of letters of the DNA alphabet, "C" and "G" specifically, depending on when these regulatory genes are turned on during development. Additionally, regulatory genes that control early development are often located on stretches of DNA called methylation valleys, or DMVs, that are generally CG rich and devoid of epigenetic chemical modifications known as methylation. Consequently, these genes have to be regulated by another epigenetic mechanism, which the authors found were chemical changes called chromatin modifications. Chromatin is the mass of material�DNA and proteins�in a cell's nucleus that helps to control gene expression.
>
>http://www.salk.edu/news/pressrelease_details.php?press_id=615
>
>JE:-
>The above represents an impossibility unless the non additive epistatic relationship between the controlling genes that code for controlling proteins and the structural genes they epigentically control over organism generations are at least partly heritable. Therefore, Hamilton is required to minimally include e=2 within Hamilton's Rule rendering the rule and poly-centric Neo Darwinism, inoperable.
>
Nothing in this paper even mentions whether these genes are
>http://www.salk.edu/news/pressrelease_details.php?press_id=615
>
>JE:-
>The above represents an impossibility unless the non additive epistatic relationship between the controlling genes that code for controlling proteins and the structural genes they epigentically control over organism generations are at least partly heritable. Therefore, Hamilton is required to minimally include e=2 within Hamilton's Rule rendering the rule and poly-centric Neo Darwinism, inoperable.
>
heterozygous or what the effects are for the different allele
combinations if they are heterozygous. You are making an unjustified
assumption in presuming they are and what the effect is.
Without any variance in these genes, it makes no sense speak of this
genetic variance as being either additive or epistatic. Or could you
be confusing "physical epistasis" with "statistical epistasis" which
concerns whether a variance is heritable or not.
William L Hunt
john...@gmail.com
May 22, 2013, 11:00:31 AM5/22/13
to
In reply to William hunt:
JE: -
Many alleles were studied along with their epigenetically inherited controlling proteins which of course were themselves derived from alleles at different loci so it would be surprising if none of the alleles involved were heterozygous. However, this is not the most important point which is: statistical epistasis was and remains absolutely subject to non statistical epistasis not the other way around because mathematics is not a science. Reversing this relationship is typically Post Modern. This outrageous epistemology plagues almost all of the modern sciences.
Regards,
JE: -
Many alleles were studied along with their epigenetically inherited controlling proteins which of course were themselves derived from alleles at different loci so it would be surprising if none of the alleles involved were heterozygous. However, this is not the most important point which is: statistical epistasis was and remains absolutely subject to non statistical epistasis not the other way around because mathematics is not a science. Reversing this relationship is typically Post Modern. This outrageous epistemology plagues almost all of the modern sciences.
Regards,
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