> >PAs even thought that Lucy was their ancestor! :-DDD
> She might be.
:-DDD
Waste your own time, my little boy: *think* a bit:
we did not evolve from ape->apith->Homo as still often assumed,
but Gorilla evolved from the HPG-LCA->E.Afr.apiths->gorillas, of course,
like Pan evolved from the HP-LCA->S.Afr.apiths->bonobo+chimp:
Gorilla-like features in large E.African australopith crania (only until 1994 - confirmed by all later publications):
• “Incisal dental microwear in A.afarensis is most similar to that observed in Gorilla”. Ryan & Johanson 1989.
• The composite skull reconstructed mostly from A.L.333 specimens “looked very much like a small female gorilla”. Johanson & Edey 1981 p.351.
• “Other primitive [or advanced gorilla-like --MV] features found in KNM-WT 17000, but not know or much discussed for A.afarensis, are: very small cranial capacity; low posterior profile of the calvaria; nasals extended far above the frontomaxillar suture and well onto an uninflated glabella; and extremely convex inferolateral margins of the orbits such as found in some gorillas”. Walker cs 1986.
• As for the maximum parietal breadth & the biauriculare in O.H.5 & KNM-ER 406 “the robust australopithecines have values near the Gorilla mean: both the pongids and the robust australopithecines have highly pneumatized bases”. Kennedy 1991 (see also his fig.1).
• In O.H.5, “the curious and characteristic features of the Paranthropus skull... parallel some of those of the gorilla”. Robinson 1960.
• The A. boisei “lineage has been characterized by sexual dimorphism of the degree seen in modern Gorilla for the length of its known history”. Leakey & Walker 1988.
• A. boisei teeth showed “a relative absence of prism decussation”; among extant hominoids, “Gorilla enamel showed relatively little decussation ...”. Beynon & Wood 1986.
Chimp+bonobo-like features in S.African australopith crania (only until 1994 - confirmed by all later publications):
• “Alan [Walker] has analysed a number of Au.robustus teeth and they fall into the fruit-eating category. More precisely, their teeth patterns look like those of chimpanzees... Then, when be looked at some H.erectus teeth, be found that the pattern changed”. Leakey 1981 pp.74-75.
• “The ‘keystone’ nasal bone arrangement suggested as a derived diagnostic of Paranthropus [robustus] is found in an appreciable number of pongids, particularly clearly in some chimpanzees”. Eckhardt 1987.
• “P.paniscus provides a suitable comparison for Australopithecus [Sts.5]; they are similar in body size, postcranial dimensions and... even in cranial and facial features”. Zihlman cs 1978.
• “A. africanus Sts.5, which... falls well within the range of Pan troglodytes, is markedly prognathous or hyperprognathous”". Ferguson 1989.
• In Taung, “I see nothing in the orbits, nasal bones, and canine teeth definitely nearer to the human condition than the corresponding parts of the skull of a modern young chimpanzee”. Woodward 1925.
• “The Taung juvenile seems to resemble a young chimpanzee more closely than it resembles L338y-6”, a juvenile A.boisei. Rak & Howell 1978.
• “In addition to similarities in facial remodeling it appears that Taung and Australopithecus in general, had maturation periods similar to those of the extant chimpanzee”. Bromage 1985.
• “I estimate an adult capacity for Taung ranging from 404-420 cm2, with a mean of 412 cm2. Application of Passingham’s curve for brain development in Pan is preferable to that for humans because (a) brain size of early hominids approximates that of chimpanzees, and (b) the curves for brain volume relative to body weight are essentially parallel in pongids and australopithecines, leading Hofman to conclude that ‘as with pongids, the australopithecines probably differed only in size, not in design’”. Falk 1987.
• In Taung, “pneumatization has also extended into the zygoma and hard palate. This is intriguing because an intrapalatal extension of the maxillary sinus has only been reported in chimpanzees and robust australopithecines among higher primates”. Bromage & Dean 1985.
• “That the fossil ape Australopithecus [Taung] ‘is distinguished from all living apes by the... unfused nasal bones…’ as claimed by Dart (1940), cannot be maintained in view of the very considerable number of cases of separate nasal bones among orang-utans and chimpanzees of ages corresponding to that of Australopithecus”. Schultz 1941.
Lucy = FOSSIL GORILLA!
E & S.Afr.apiths evolved in parallel:
-from late-Pliocene "gracile"
-to early-Pleistocene "robust"
-to today's Afr.apes.
Okidoki??
Meanwhile, Pliocene Homo lived in S.Asia, as you (should !!) know:
Lineage-Specific Expansions of Retroviral Insertions within the Genomes of African Great Apes but Not Humans and Orangutans
Chris T Yohn cs 2005 PLoS open access
RV infections of the germline have the potential to episodically alter gene function & genome structure during the course of evolution.
Horizontal transmissions between spp have been proposed, but little evidence exists for such events in the human/great ape lineage of evolution.
Based on analysis of finished BAC chimpanzee genome sequence, we characterize a RV element (Pan troglodytes endogenous RV-1 PTERV1) that has become integrated in the germline of African great ape & Old World monkey spp, but is absent from humans & Asian ape genomes.
We unambiguously map 287 RV integration sites: c 95.8 % of the insertions occur at non-orthologous regions between closely related spp.
Phylogenetic analysis of the endogenous RV reveals:
the gorilla & chimpanzee elements share a monophyletic origin with a subset of the Old World monkey RV elements, but that the average sequence divergence exceeds neutral expectation for a strictly nuclear inherited DNA molecule.
Within the chimpanzee, there is a significant integration bias against genes, with only 14 of these insertions mapping within intronic regions.
6 out of 10 of these genes, for which there are expression data, show significant differences in transcript expression between human & chimpanzee.
Our data are consistent with a RV infection that bombarded the genomes of chimpanzees & gorillas independently and concurrently, 3–4 Ma.
We speculate on the potential impact of such recent events on the evolution of humans & great apes.
From my recent book:
Door een Pliocene virusbesmetting kregen Afrikaanse primaten (baviaan, meerkat, gorilla, chimp enz.) in hun DNA een stuk virus-DNA (retroviral element) dat ontbreekt bij Aziatische primaten en de mens, en Chris Yohn’s team besluit dat onze voorouders niét in Afrika waren tijdens die hele besmettelijke periode (tenminste ~4–3 Ma?). Leefden ze toen aan Zuid-Aziatische kusten, hun fossiele sporen weggespoeld door tussenijstijdse stijgingen van de zeespiegel?