The world’s most powerful astronomical instrument is currently being built
in South Africa and Australia. A growing consortium of countries, soon to be
marshaled by incoming director-general Phil Diamond, is laying the foundation
for some unique science. When it comes online next decade, the Square Kilometre
Array (SKA) will observe diffuse hydrogen ionized by the first stars and
galaxies, use pulsars to explore general relativity, and detect the imprints of
dark energy on the distribution of matter in the Universe.
There is one country notable by its absence in this endeavour: the United
States. And its absence threatens to hinder the SKA’s pursuit of its scientific
goals. After nearly 20 years of participation, US astronomers last year dropped
out of the SKA collaboration as the result of disillusionment with the project’s
planning process and budget pressure from the National Science Foundation
(NSF).
This cannot be allowed to continue: the United States must eventually
rejoin the SKA. We call on the NSF to plan for a US role in the SKA, and we urge
the SKA consortium and Phil Diamond to review the programme’s goals and produce
a realistic plan for achieving them.
In late 2011, the NSF ceased to fund any US participation in SKA
development. This blow could be compounded if the NSF adopts its panel’s
recommendation to stop supporting — and so potentially close — the Green Bank
Telescope and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), both state-of-the-art and
cost-effective telescopes with which SKA technologies could be evaluated.
Our experience in building large telescopes on the ground and in space
leads us to believe that these decisions are short-sighted. They leave US
astronomers and engineers unable to contribute to the SKA design or to
participate in its science. The global astronomy community will press ahead
without the United States. But without US scientific and technical input, and
the ability to test SKA technologies at our facilities, the array’s development
will be slowed down by many years.
A lack of clarity on technical details and costs were the main criticisms
of the SKA in the US astronomy community’s 2010 decadal survey
(
go.nature.com/4qyqle), which considered the project scientifically exciting but
only partly defined. We agree. Satisfying all the telescope’s ambitious goals
will require several different types of technology (such as receiving dishes,
dipoles and tiles) and the consortium has yet to decide how to adapt and
integrate them. Participation of US astronomers will be crucial in the firming
up of those plans.
The scientific community recognizes that seed funding and development work
towards the next generation of facilities is important, and that gaps in funding
only add cost and delay. The NSF should continue to support the operation of
existing radio-astronomy facilities in the United States, maintaining core
capabilities that will also be necessary as test-beds for SKA technology in the
coming decade. The US$10 million to $15 million per year needed to retain Green
Bank and the VLBA is small relative to the billions already invested in US radio
astronomy, which draws upon one-third of the NSF’s annual $230 million astronomy
budget.
THE WAY FORWARD
NSF funding for SKA development should be re-established. Even low initial
levels (around $100,000 per year) would support planning activities, travel to
meetings and some basic technology research. US facilities and university
astronomy groups should together develop a strategy for participating in SKA
planning and prototyping. By 2015, the United States should rejoin the SKA as a
full partner.
In the next 1–2 years, Phil Diamond and the consortium should decide the
technical requirements for the SKA (including frequency range, field of view,
angular resolution and sensitivity), and should clearly define the technology
developments necessary for a realizable instrument. This will be tricky because
the ambitious goals of the SKA hinge on continual ‘Moore’s law’ improvements in
digital technologies.
Components available now will be obsolete by the time the telescope comes
online, so a gradual updating process needs to be worked into the plan. Planners
must project what technologies will become available in the next decade, and
pick those that are feasible within a reasonable funding envelope.
Progress must be synchronized with projections of funding, so that partner
contributions can be integrated steadily. To maintain project momentum, detailed
design and development efforts should be paced and not completed long before
construction money becomes available. With US involvement and careful planning
the global radio-astronomy community can drive an evolutionary path towards the
SKA, one that builds on current investments while enabling major discoveries as
we advance. ■
Anthony J. Beasley is director of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory.
Ethan J. Schreier is president of Associated Universities Incorporated.
The United States
must rejoin the SKA
Plans for the radio-telescope array must be firmed up to help Americans get
back on board and ensure its success, say Anthony J. Beasley and Ethan J.
Schreier.