Open source patent being used to create novel type of telescope ARRAY.
Jon Abel
I am building and testing a concentrating, condensed, resonant array of Loop Antennas - based on patent 512,340. However, the entire array only has to be wrapped with 2 adjacent wires (30 AWG in my case). According to the patent - one wire acts as a capacitive barrier between the other wires - each with it’s own wirelength & LC resonant frequency - and so you end up (apparently) with an easy-to-wrap array of loop antennas that are shaped like a cone. I am considering a perforated Grade 1 Titanium sheet bent into a cone - but 304 SS is cheaper - then covering it with beeswax, and then wrapping my 2 wires on it. All collected frequencies along the array have a shared point of phase termination at the Apex of the cone. This happens when the slant height & circumference (at any given height are equal) - which occurs at a constant base angle of 80.842 degrees. Therefore, the apex is apparently the best place to put a near field sensor attached to an LNA & SDR.
I will be using this antenna to test a theory that galaxies occur at pinch zones & armatures extend across EROSITA bubbles - and may actually be 2 plasma conduits that are 180 degrees out of phase and wrapped in a 3D helical configuration.
Marcus D. Leech
vantage point, it's looking a bit like word salad.
Alex P
Jon Abel
Patent 512,340 isn’t just “a cone antenna” — it’s about recursive geometry that can be scaled into arrays of loop elements. In my implementation, I’m not building one cone, I’m building an array of loop antennas arranged around a conical geometry.
Here’s how it works:
-
The loops are positioned so that the base circumference of the cone equals the slant height. That geometrical rule fixes the base angle at ≈80.842°, no matter the size of the array.
-
Each loop is resonant at a distinct frequency, and because of the recursive layering implied by the patent, you end up with multiple nested resonances, not just one.
-
The geometry naturally brings phase-similar terminations together at the apex. That means instead of collecting signal incoherently, the array performs a built-in spatial and phase collation before the data even reaches the receiver.
For the backend, I’m using an Ettus-clone SDR (HamGeek B220 mini) to collate the I/Q data across the whole set of resonant frequencies defined by the loops. In practice, that means the SDR isn’t just listening to “one cone antenna” — it’s digesting a fractal spectrum of signals unified by the recursive geometry.
So the design isn’t a novelty cone. It’s a recursive array antenna that leverages both geometry and resonance to handle signals in a way that flat, linear arrays can’t.
Jon Abel
Expansion on Cosmic-Web Geometry
The same recursive geometry that underpins patent 512,340 and my conical loop array can also be seen on the cosmic scale. What we usually label “cosmic web filaments” aren’t just straight plasma tubes — they appear to be pairs of interleaved, phase-opposed conduits.
-
Two filaments, 180° out of phase: Think of them as counter-wound helices. Instead of lying flat, the filaments traverse space as 3D interleaved coils, wrapping around each other.
-
Bulbous periodicity: Along each helix, the plasma doesn’t flow smoothly — it naturally forms bulbous regions (plasmoid-like expansions) separated by pinch points where the filaments squeeze inward.
-
Galaxy bulges at pinches: Those pinch points are where energy density and charge separation spike. That’s where galactic bulges and cores are likely to form, right at the narrowings. The “arms” we see are then just quarter-wavelength segments of these bulbous helices extending around the bulge.
-
3D helix, not flat plane: Standard astrophysical renderings flatten galactic arms into spirals, but if you view the filament as a bulbous helix winding in 3D space, the armatures climb and wrap rather than lying flat. This is why many galaxy morphologies look inconsistent in projection — we’re missing the depth dimension of the filament scaffold.
In other words: galaxy placement and morphology are dictated by the periodic geometry of interleaved plasma helices, not random density fluctuations. The recursive, self-similar structure seen in antennas scales upward into cosmology.
kb3puw
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Marko Cebokli
Bringing up Nikola Tesla in such contexts triggers my skepticism instantly.
Despite the fact that lawyers later got him a radio patent, he never really had anything to do with radio. All his wireless experiments were done in the near field (NFC!), not propagating radiated field. So he is not really an authority in things like antennas - extremely doubtful that you could make a good antenna based on his patents.
Marko Cebokli
2025-09-05 18:46, je kb3puw napisal
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Jon Abel
I have not tested it yet, however, you can stick my idea into A.I. and get fairly educated deductions & answers from it - especially if you tell it to assume the diagram in patent 512,340 is a top-down view of a cone - and ask how it can be used to make an ladder of loop antennas along a cone shaped template with 2 interleaved wires.
Patent 512,340 doesn’t describe a single “conical loop,” but a recursive array of loop elements - potentially arranged on a cone. I chose a geometry constrained so that the base circumference equals the slant height. That sets a constant angle (~80.842°) for every scale of the array.
Because each loop has a different diameter, each one is naturally resonant at a different frequency. The result isn’t just a “wider bandwidth cone,” but rather a multi-resonant array. Instead of one loop with a broad bandwidth, you have many loops with distinct resonances that can be collated in SDR space. I’m using an Ettus-clone SDR to capture and process the I/Q data across those multiple frequencies.
So in short: if bandwidth appears wide, it’s not from a single loop’s geometry but from the superposition of many resonant loops in recursive conical arrangement.
Jon Abel
Marko, I hear your skepticism, but I think that position oversimplifies Tesla’s contributions. Yes — many of his wireless experiments were in the near field, but dismissing him as “having nothing to do with antennas” isn’t accurate.
The fact remains that Tesla’s patents — including 512,340 — are not folklore, they are formal technical filings that describe explicit geometries. Those geometries can be implemented, tested, and measured, regardless of how you interpret his later experiments or intentions.
What I’m working with here is not “Tesla-worship,” it’s applying the recursive geometry he documented: an array of loop elements arranged on a cone & I saw the need to set the slant height = circumference. That structure naturally creates multiple resonant frequencies and phase-similar terminations at the apex.
Whether Tesla himself intended it as a “radio antenna” in the modern sense isn’t the point — what matters is that the geometry is buildable and has clear implications for multi-resonant array design. My SDR experiments (using an Ettus-clone) are about testing that, not retelling Tesla’s biography.
So I’d suggest we treat the patent as what it is — a technical description — and evaluate it on measurable performance, not on whether Tesla fits into today’s antenna orthodoxy.
Dave Typinski
What's recursive or fractal about it?
--
Dave
On 9/5/25 15:34, Jon Abel wrote:
> I have not tested it yet, however, you can stick my idea into A.I. and get
> fairly educated deductions & answers from it - especially if you tell it to
> assume the diagram in patent 512,340 is a top-down view of a cone - and ask how
> it can be used to make an ladder of loop antennas along a cone shaped template
> with 2 interleaved wires.
>
> array of loop elements - * potentially arranged on a cone. I chose a geometry
> constrained so that the /base circumference equals the slant height/. That sets
>
> Because each loop has a different diameter, each one is naturally resonant at a
> different frequency. The result isn’t just a “wider bandwidth cone,” but rather
> *many loops with distinct resonances* that can be collated in SDR space. I’m
> multiple frequencies.
>
> So in short: if bandwidth appears wide, it’s not from a single loop’s geometry
>
>
>
>
>
> On Friday, September 5, 2025 at 11:46:55 AM UTC-5 kb3puw wrote:
>
> Fascinating discussion. To take this in a bit of a different direction,
> would a conical loop result in a detector with a wider bandwidth as a
> consequence of varying loop diameter?
>
>
> On Fri, Sep 5, 2025 at 11:09 AM Jon Abel <joabe...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>
> The same recursive geometry that underpins patent *512,340* and my
> conical loop array can also be seen on the *cosmic scale*. What we
>
> *
>
> *Two filaments, 180° out of phase*: Think of them as /counter-wound
> helices/. Instead of lying flat, the filaments traverse space as *3D
> interleaved coils*, wrapping around each other.
>
> *
>
> *Bulbous periodicity*: Along each helix, the plasma doesn’t flow
> smoothly — it naturally forms *bulbous regions* (plasmoid-like
> expansions) separated by *pinch points* where the filaments squeeze
> inward.
>
> *
>
> *Galaxy bulges at pinches*: Those pinch points are where energy
> density and charge separation spike. That’s where *galactic bulges
> and cores* are likely to form, right at the narrowings. The “arms”
> we see are then just *quarter-wavelength segments* of these bulbous
>
>
> *3D helix, not flat plane*: Standard astrophysical renderings
> inconsistent in projection — we’re missing the depth dimension of
> the filament scaffold.
>
> periodic geometry of interleaved plasma helices*, not random density
> scales upward into cosmology.
>
>
>
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Jon Abel
Good questions. A conical log spiral is certainly a proven design, but there are a couple of key differences in what I’m exploring:
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Orientation of the horn – In most log spirals, the cone flares downward (toward the ground), which is fine for some use cases but limits interaction with the sky hemisphere. My geometry is essentially flipped — the cone apex is pointed toward the ground — so the aperture is facing the signal environment I actually want to interact with (the sky).
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Element spacing – Log spirals typically use relatively wide spacing between turns. In contrast, the geometry I’m working from (based on Tesla’s 512,340 patent) puts the adjacent loop elements tightly together. That produces stronger mutual coupling, more uniform phase addition, and potentially different resonance stacking. The 2 interleaved wires (when in series) creates a capactive barrier between each wrap, causing more distinct seperations in the wirelength and LC resonances.
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Recursive / fractal aspect – The “recursive” part comes from how the structure scales. Each loop in the array maintains a proportion that matches the cone’s slant height, so the same angular relationship repeats at every scale of the winding. That self-similar scaling is what gives it a fractal-like quality. Instead of a smooth spiral, it’s a discrete cascade of loops that geometrically repeat the same ratio. Therefore, if you have used 3400 wraps of 30 AWG wire to wrap a 1 meter long cone - then it potentially will act like an array of 1700 different-sized loop antennas - each with it's own LC & wirelength resonant behavior.
So in short, the main advantage is not “better in every case,” but a different resonance and phase geometry than the conventional conical log spiral. Whether that translates into broader bandwidth or improved gain in practice is exactly what I’m aiming to measure with the SDR setup. A.I. is fairly good at assisting the writing of python code for my SDR.
Jon Abel
Jon Abel
b alex pettit jr
https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/0b/3c/ab/eb51aebe935f8c/US512340.pdf
N. TESLA. COIL FOR ELECTRO MAGNETS.
No.. 512,340. Patented Jen. 9,1894.
augment to UNITED STATES .PATENT OFFICE.
NIKOLA TESLA, 0F NEW YORK, N. Y.
COIL FOR ELECTRO-MAGNETS.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 512,340, dated January 9, 1894. Application filed July 7.1893. Serial No. 479.804. (No model.)
To all whom it may concern.-
Be it known that I, NIKOLA TESLA, a citizen of the United States, residing at New York, in the county and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful improvements in Coils for Electro-Magnets and other Apparatus, of which the following is a specification, reference being had to the drawings accompanying and forming a part of the same.
In electric apparatus or systems in which alternating currents are employed the self induction of the coils or conductors may, and, in fact, in many cases does operate disadvantageously by giving rise to false currents which often reduce what is known as the commercial efficiency of the apparatus composing the system or operate detrimentally in other respects. The effects of self-induction, above referred to, are known to be neutralized by proportioning to a proper degree the capacity of the circuit with relation to the self-induction and frequency of the currents. This has been accomplished heretofore bythe use of condensers constructed and applied as separate instruments.
M present invention has for its object to avoid the employment of condensers which are expensive, cumbersome and difficult to maintain in perfect condition, and to so construct the coils themselves as to accomplish the same ultimate object.
I would here state that by the term coils I desire to include generally helices, solenoids, or, in fact, any conductor the different parts of which by the requirements of its application or use are brought into such relations with each other as to materially increase the self-induction.
l have found that in every coil there exists a certain relation between its self-induction and capacity that permits a current of given frequency and potential to pass through it with no other opposition than that of ohmic resistance, or, in other words, as though it possessed no self-induction. This is due to the mutual relations existing between the special character of the current and the self-induction and capacity of the coil, the latter quantity being just capable of neutralizing the self-induction for that frequency.
It is well known that the higher the frequency or potential difference of the current the smaller the capacity required to counteract the self induction; hence, in any coil, however small the capacity', it may be sufficient for the purpose stated if the proper conditions in other respects be secured. In the ordinary coils the difference of potential between adjacent turns or spires is very small, so that while they are in a sense condensers, they possess but very small capacity and the relations between the two quantities, self-induction and capacity, are not such as under any ordinary conditions satisfy the requirements herein contemplated, because the capacity relatively to the self-induction is very small.
In order to attain my object and ,to properly increase the capacity of any given coil, I wind it in such way as to secure a greater difference of potential between its adjacent turns or convolutions, and since the energy stored in the coil-considering the' latter as a condenser, is proportionate to the square of the potential difference between its adjacent convolutions, it is evident that I may in this way secure by a proper disposition of these convolutions a greatly increased capacity for a given increase in potential difference between the turns.
I have illustrated diagrammatically in the accompanying drawings the general nature of the plan which I adopt for carrying out this invention.
`Figure l is a diagram of a coil wound in the ordinary manner. Fig. 2 is a diagram of a winding designed to secure the objects of my invention.
Let A, Fig. 1, designate any given coil the spires or convolutions of which are wound upon and insulated from each other. Let it be assumed that the terminals of this coil show a potential difference of one hundred volts, and that there are one thousand convolutions; their considering any two contiguous points on adjacent convolutions let it be assumed that there will exist between them a potential difference of one-tenth of a volt.
If now, as shown in Fig. 2, a conductor B be wound parallel with the conductor A and insulated from it, and the end of A be connected with the starting point of B, the aggregate length of the two conductors being such that the assumed number of convolutions or turns is the same, viz., one thousand, then the potential difference between any two adjacent points in A and B will be fifty volts, and as the capacity effect is proportionate to the square of this difference, the energy stored 5 in the coil as a whole-will now be two hundred and fifty thousand as' 'great ' Following out this principle,
I may wind any given coil either in Whole or in part, not only in the specified manner herein` illustrated, but in a great variety of ways well known `in the art, so as to secure between adjacent convolutions such potential difference as .will give the proper capacity to neutralize the self-induction for any given current that may be r 5, employed.
Capacity secured in this particular way possesses an additional advantage in that it is evenly distributed, a consideration of the greatest importance in many cases, and the results, both as to-efficiency and economy, are the more readily and easily obtained as the size of the coils, the potential difference, 6r frequency of the currents are increased.
Coils composed of independent strands or l conductors wound side by side and connected 25l in series' are not in themselves new, and I do not regard a more detailed description of the same as necessary. l3nt heretofore, so far as I am aware, the objects in view have been essentially different from mine, and the results which I obtain even if an incident to such 3o forms of winding have not been appreciated or taken advantage of.
In carrying out my invention it is to be observed that certain facts are well under-- stood by those skilled in the art, viz: the re lations ot' capacity, self-induction, and the frequency and potential difference of the current.- What capacity, therefore, in any given case it is desirable to obtain and what special winding will secure it, are readily determinable from the other factors which are known.
What I claim as my invention is
l. A coil for electric apparatus the adjacent convolutions of which form parts of the circuit between which there exists a potential difference sufficient to secure in the coil a capacity capable of neutralizing its self-induction, as herein before described.
2. A coil composed of contiguous or adjacent insulated conductors electrically connected in series and having a potential difference of such value as to give to the coil as a whole, a capacity sufficient to neutralize its self-induction, as set forth.
NIKOLA TESLA.
Jon Abel
b alex pettit jr
Jeff Kruth
Jon Abel
J., I respect your long career and your skepticism — healthy skepticism is critical in any field.
I’d like to clarify a couple of points so my intent isn’t misunderstood. I am not claiming to have overturned 100 years of physics in a forum post. What I am saying is that I’ve experimentally reproduced non-obvious behavior from Tesla’s 1894 patent 512,340 using amplitude-modulated electrolysis, and documented it in videos. That moves the discussion from “word salad” into the realm of testable experiment.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvxvHLh-k5k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HHxK1VWrXcM
These are replications from J.L. Naudin's website - who was a credible scientist working for the U.N - and replicating other people's patents. Are you calling him a fraud for that type of work?
You’re correct that the original patent was framed as a way of controlling self-resonance and interwinding capacitance at a time when high-quality capacitors were expensive. But when scaled to hundreds or thousands of turns arranged in recursive loops, I’ve observed that the geometry behaves more like an array of resonant loops than a simple shielded coil. Each loop contributes its own LC resonance, and the structure collates them at the apex. That’s not the way we usually treat an inductor, and it’s why I’m digging into whether this geometry acts as a form of distributed filter or collation network. And, as cheap as they are, with this idea - I don't have to connect 3400 capacitors on a 1 meter array of 30 AWG loop antennas.
To your point “show me, not tell me” — I agree entirely. My goal is to put numbers and spectra on the table. That’s why I’m using an Ettus-clone SDR and am working through the math to compare measured S-parameters and loop resonances with theory. I am not asking anyone to take my word for it.
As for “where else has the patent been used” since then? — as far as I know, nowhere in the publicly accessible astronomy sector, which is why I think it’s worth re-examining with modern tools. Sometimes a design that was impractical in 1894 becomes testable once you can FFT the output on a $400 SDR.
So I welcome critique on the measurements and on the math I’m trying to align with them. That’s the way we separate genuine effects from artifacts. But dismissing it as "word salad" before looking at the data doesn’t seem like the spirit of this community.
I’d be glad to share spectra once I finish building it and analyzing with my VNAs, Spectrum Analyzers, and and imaging scripts.
