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Message to NASA TeamUpon the Occassion ofNASA's 40th Anniversary *
Daniel S. GoldinAdministratorNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationOctober 1998*This message includes revised remarks presented at the NASA 40th anniversary celebration, October 1, 1998.
When President Eisenhower and the Congress established NASA, theydid so with the boldest and most noble of missions: to pioneerthe future. We were told to explore new frontiers and enhancelife here on Earth. We were asked to instruct; we were expectedto inspire. Forty years later, thanks to an American public withan unquenchable thirst for knowledge and a relentless sense ofadventure, the NASA Team has delivered.
Think about this: Forty years ago, jet passenger service was anovelty. Global communications meant a telephone line laid acrossthe bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. When NASA was first gettingstarted, the only way to track hurricanes was to fly planes directlyover and into the storms. Our universe -- even the cosmic neighborhoodjust above our atmosphere -- was a mystery. In 1958, sendinghumans to the moon was pure science fiction.
But we dared to dream. We imagined what could be possible. Andthen along with our partners in industry and academia, NASA wentto work.
In 1998, hundreds of millions of people ride American jets eachyear and new designs for flight go higher, faster and fartherthan ever before. Global space communications have helped createa global community. Weather satellites can track phenomena, likean El Niño condition, months in advance. There are stillmany mysteries to be solved, but Voyager, Galileo, the HubbleSpace Telescope and other planetary and astronomy missions havecircled neighboring planets, giving us our first view of blackholes, and begun to peer back at the very beginning of our universe. A space program that is forty years old has sent humans to theMoon, robots to Mars, spacecraft to the furthest reaches of oursolar system, and soon will help lead construction of the InternationalSpace Station. And for every step we take out there, we havecontributed to a better quality of life right here. That is truewhether it be one of thousands of ìspin-offî technologiesthat has produced new products and services such as medical devicesto detect breast cancer earlier. That is true when a child wholooks up and knows that no longer is the sky the limit; it isthe stars and beyond.
NASA has had a great forty years, but what the American peoplecan be most proud of is this: when it comes to pioneering thefuture, we are just getting started. What will always definethis aeronautics and space program -- and this country -- is ourfirm belief that there will forever be something to be invented,somewhere to be discovered, someplace to be visited. Rest assured,NASA will do its best in the next forty years to find out justwhat and where that will be.
At a recent Congressional hearing, I was invited to address NASA'sstrategic goals for the next 40 years. It's hard to passup an opportunity to extend our reach beyond the near-term challengesthat consume most of us and take time to ponder a future we maychose to create. As part of our celebration this afternoon, I'dlike to share with you the vision I presented at that hearing.
Keep in mind, I will be describing goals based on a vision thatI believe is achievable in the long-term. This vision is notnecessarily built on an mission profile that has been proposedthrough the traditional five-year budgetary process and debate.
Allow me to fuel your imaginations by describing a vision thatI believe the NASA Team will be hard at work on three or fourdecades from now. If we are able to align four critical factorsthat include scientific and technical opportunities, a politicalimperative, national economic impact, and national spirit, I believethis vision can become reality.
It starts 25 years from now with a commercial flight from Tokyoto a commercial spaceport near the Kennedy Space Center. Thanksto revolutionary breakthroughs in advanced materials and coatings,distributed intelligence and control systems, and advanced lightweightstructural concepts integrated with the next generation of air-breathingjets and rockets, the flight was completed in a little more thantwo hours. Not bad!
Because of a thick fog, there is practically zero visibility atthe spaceport. But that is not the concern that it was back in1998. Now, high definition synthetic vision allows the pilotto clearly see through even the heaviest of fog, or snow, or dust. It allows the pilot to see better at night, as well. The vehiclealso has an advanced crew interface. We have been able to couplehumans and computers using natural, high order language to maximizeperformance.
The pilot doesn't control the vehicle with buttons, keyboards,and a joystick. Instead, the computer interface is an intelligentinterchange with total immersion in sight, sound and touch. Thecomputer is aided by waves from the pilotís brain. Itmonitors brain waves to determine -- and even alert the pilot-- when their attention might be lapsing.
For the entire two hour trip from Japan to Florida, the pilothas full situational awareness of the vehicleís state ofhealth and the surroundings. Remote sensing satellites send signalsdirectly to the vehicle and gives the pilot real-time knowledgeabout weather and terrain. GPS navigation systems, also readilyaccessible by the pilot, give the precise position. Communicationlinks and onboard sensors determine where other vehicles and obstaclesare, and an onboard computer database tells the pilot and crewwhere the other vehicles, obstacles and micro-disturbances inthe atmosphere will be.
Together, this gives the pilot real-time, on-board, unprecedentedair-traffic control. And all of this has made the flight saferand faster than ever before. This flight used to take 17 hours,not two, and the heavy fog would have had the plane circling orlooking for another airport to land. But not today. And that'simportant.
It is important because the Japanese Prime Minister is joiningmembers of the Administration and Congress, along with other headsof state, to welcome the return of an international crew returningfrom space. Deep space.
Their mission has been a great success. The crew just launchedan interstellar probe from where they were stationed for the pastfew years: An international permanent outpost near Mars. Theinstallation conducts research and operational activities supportedby government and private sector investment.
By this time advanced telescopes have imaged countless Earth-likeplanets beyond our solar system with a resolution high enoughto see geological features and biological processes at 600 trillionmiles. We've learned so much from watching our own planetas well as studying the other planets in our solar system, especiallyMars and Europa, that we can now identity the fingerprints oflife. We know there's life on Earth. We will find outif it is ubiquitous to the Universe.
Our space robots and telescopes, along with ground-based telescopeshave also provided invaluable information to study comets andasteroids. This information will help us better understand theircharacteristics and the likelihood of their impact with our planet. Our investigation results have also been shared with other agenciesto develop potential planetary protection capabilities shouldsuch an object pose a threat to Earth.
So the probe our astronauts launched is going to travel to, remotelysense, and drop a mini robot on one of the planets we'vediscovered around a near-by star. We think the planet has theright conditions for life.
The remote sensing technology we're using has been workingcloser to home for years. Around the world, remote sensing hasbeen used to help us with environment, climate, and weathermanagement -- not days in advance, but months and years.
NASA's Earth Science program has been working in partnershipwith the private sector and other governments locally, regionally,and globally to predict regional rainfall and drought on a seasonal,an inter-annual, and ultimately a multi-decade basis.
Developing countries have been using remote sensing and othertechnologies to help better manage the precious water resourcesand agricultural products. For instance, this technology allowspeople to measure the variability of a specific field and literallyìfarm by the yard.î We know exactly which area needsmore irrigation and which area needs less. We know where thereis too much fertilizer and what part of the field isn'tgetting enough. Same with pest control. We know exactly whatportions of the field are ready for harvest and what portionsare not. Space-based technologies are leading to better yieldsand a better quality of life.
Ever since 1996, private sector investment in space has far surpassedgovernment expenditure on space activities. In addition to themature commercial industries related to telecommunications, remotesensing, and launch services, new space-based industries haveemerged. The private sector has realized growth associated withLunar, Martian, and near-Earth asteroid opportunties, such asmanufacturing and mining of space resources, energy productionand transmission, and tourism.
Two members of the previously mentioned interplanetary crew hadstarted training in 2001 and flew on a vehicle called the SpaceShuttle. Experiments were conducted on the Shuttle that usedthe unique vantage point of space to look back at and monitorthe Earth. We've come a long way since then.
Allow me come back to the present for a moment to focus on oneof our most critical requirements -- space transportation. Afterforty years, it should be quite clear that we should never placeall our faith in a single launch system. The broad array of researchand exploration goals that we want to pursue will go no whereunless we have significantly more reliable and affordable transportationcapabilities.
It has taken us many years, but we are now in the position wherewe are able to rely on one launch system while we make progresson an advance capability. At times, this dual approach seemsto generate unnecessary competition among our own Team members. Both the Space Shuttle and future reusable launch vehicles arevital to the future of Americaís space program.
The Shuttle has been an important part of our history sinceits first launched in 1981, and it continues to be theworkhorse for human space research and development. Beforeit completes its service life all those associated with the SpaceShuttle program will have provided more than three decades ofdistinguished service to the Agency. Until a provenreplacement is able to be rolled to the launch pad, this is thevehicle that will guarantee human access to low-Earth orbit andplay a critical role in the assembly of the International SpaceStation.
The Shuttle system requires the dedicated attention of hundredsof civil servants and thousands of support contractors for operationsand maintenance. The members of the Space Shuttle Team have refinedand improved this vital transportation system throughout its operationallife. The Shuttle Team has compiled an enviable record of researchand operational accomplishments. Additionally, they remain thebenchmark for excellence for air and space safety.
After International Space Station is assembled andduring its operational phase, it is our intentionto gradually transfer the research, transportation,and logistics support for low Earth obit operations to the privatesector. It is hoped that launch vehicles developed both withand without government support will provide a higher degree ofreliability and operability that will provide dramatic reductionsin the cost and safety of access to space.
With less money directed toward shuttle operations, NASA willbe able to direct more of its scarce resources towards long rangeresearch and development activities. Shuttle Team members willbe retrained for new cutting edge assignments and no doubt manywill seek responsibilities with the growing resuable launch vehicleindustry.Now, let's return to our vision.
Thanks to knowledge gained from our launch systems, the interstellarprobe launched by the international crew requires only a few controllersduring the entire cruise phase. That's because the probeis a thinking, intelligent, and self-tasking spacecraft. It istoo far away for commands to be transmitted from a mission controlfacility on Earth. At the speed of light, it would take months,even years, to relay the simplest communications. Just thinkhow communications that go tens of trillions of miles will revolutionizecommunications on Earth that only have to go thousands of miles! And think of how advances in electronic propulsion might assistthe emerging space-based power industry!
This spacecraft can also learn and adapt as it travels. It hasreal-time health monitoring capability because the decisions arebeing made by the spacecraft itself. It is self-diagnostic andself-repairing. In many ways it is just like the human body. It has sensors and actuators. It reacts to stimuli. And ithas a distributed nervous system with intelligence that enablesthe spacecraft to react and adjust according to changing environments.
This very same kind of technology is on display in the vehiclethat flew from Japan to Florida. The vehicle has what we callìsmart skin.î It senses excessive heating and airloads and adjusts the shape of the craft for flow control andseparation and load alleviation to avoid possible damage. Thevehicle itself can take corrective action to change the lift andoptimize performance. That's critically important whiletraveling at Mach 7 and at an altitude over 30 kilometers.
Back to our international crew of astronauts -- to ensure thatour exploration activities were enduring and not single missionevents, NASA placed an emphasis on facilities at strategic locationsin the Solar System. For example, the solar Libration Point 1,is a stable location out of the Earth's gravity well thatprovides an excellent, nearby, viewing platform for Sun-Earthobservations, astrobiological observations, and could serve asa transportation node for refueling. Similar locations throughoutthe Solar System will serve as nodes able to support research,communications, transportation, and in-space operations. Thesefacilities will enable the conduct of a wider range of research,development, and exploration opportunities.
The research scientists and engineers working at these outpostsare also using ìsmartî technology. The crew arewearing body forming ìsmartî suits that incorporatebiosensors to record and report on various health parameters. Biological sensors are also used to report directly to the spacecraftcontrol systems on air and water quality. A special electronicnose gives real-time reporting of any potential chemical or biologicalcontamination that could threaten the lives of the astronauts.Because the flight back from the outpost takes a few months, andthe mission itself lasts a few years, the spacecraft used by ourastronauts must be an ecosystem in its own right. It has a life-supportrecycling system that uses algae and other small organisms torid the air and water of impurities and to generate oxygen.The spacecraft also has incredible new tools and the capacityfor virtual surgery. So if one of the astronauts gets sick, theywonít have to worry about being so far away. The othermembers of the crew will simply practice in virtual space andthen conduct the procedure themselves. Simply put, the spacecraftis self-sufficient.
Our crew returns safely. As soon as the official reception committeecongratulates the astronauts, the Japanese Prime Minister is informedthat he is needed back home for an emergency meeting. Even witha two hour flight, the Prime Minister will not be able to getto the meeting in time. However, like the heavy fog that existedwhen the Prime Minister arrived, this is not an insurmountableproblem like it was back at the turn of the century.
The Prime Minister's seat on the vehicle becomes a virtualoffice. Advances in information technology and networking capacityallow for total immersion virtual presence. There is sight andsound and touch, and if you need it, even smell. The Prime Ministeris briefed by his staff at home in a virtual environment. Then,while still on the vehicle, he participates in the full Cabinetmeeting.
The other members of the Cabinet are projected in such clarity,it is like being there. You can't tell the difference. It is seamless. And it is only fitting, because this same virtualtechnology was used to simulate the entire development life cycleof the flight vehicle before anyone cut a single piece of hardware. Geographically distributed teams were able to be linked and developmentprogress could follow the sun, making significant cuts in developmentcycle time and cost. It was used to simulate the harmonics ofthe entire factory where the vehicle was built before pouringany concrete or putting up any walls.
This virtual technology was incorporated into the training regimefor astronauts as they prepared for their mission. It also enabledmillions of people on Earth to join in the adventure of explorationthroughout the journey.
The significance of these strategic goals that I have proposedhere is about more than sending astronauts to outposts beyondEarth orbit and bringing them back. It's about the UnitedStates and other people and other countries working together toerase the distinction between air and space travel. It'sabout exploring new worlds in space and creating a new world hereon Earth.
Opening the space frontier cannot depend solely on incrementalevolutionary changes to the systems that enabled past achievements. We must also look to bold, innovative and high risk revolutionaryleaps forward. What I have described here today is less sciencefiction than the notion of sending a human to the Moon was backon NASA's first day of operation in 1958. Researchersat the Centers are already conducting research on each of thetechnologies I have just described. And as exciting as the possibilitiesare to imagine, the most startling developments will no doubtoccur in areas we have not even thought of yet.
Surgeons at Stanford University can now do reconstructive facialsurgery on a three dimensional virtual light table and show thepatient what they will be doing before they start.
Next year, a reusable launch vehicle will take off from the MojaveDesert in southern California and land at Malstrom Air Force Basein Montana -- 1,000 miles in under 25 minutes. It will hit Mach15, yet the pilot will be on the ground in a virtual cockpit.
We are working on combustion experiments at 2000 degrees Centigradethat will have a profound impact on energy usage throughout theworld.
The solutions to all these technology challenges are not yet apparent. Most are high risk and require long lead times for application. But all offer opportunities for American industries to maintaina competitive advantage in the global market place and unbelievablepossibilities for future generations to enjoy a future of securityand prosperity.
There will always be those who will tell us why we should notattempt to achieve this vision. We have heard the arguments before: It can't be done. It's too risky. It'stoo expensive. NASA is too much a bureaucracy to achieve suchan ambitious agenda. There are higher priorities that need tobe taken care of in the near-term.
I couldn't disagree more. For the past five years, wehave all been part of significant management reform and reinventionactivities that will lay the foundation for new ways of doingbusiness in the future. I know many of you have struggled withthese many changes and the increased demands placed upon you. Change is never easy and it's even tougher when initiatedin response to fiscal constraints and a downsized workforce.
Time and again during the past five years, the NASA Team has risento the challenge where others may have given up. We have provento the Administration and Congress that while we might be middle-aged,our best years are ahead, not behind us.
As difficult as it has been for us, think about what it must belike for our colleagues in Russia who are working under extremelytrying circumstances. The entire nation is undergoing tremendousgrowing pains in all sectors of their society, yet their aerospaceworkforce is as dedicated to their dreams and aspirations as weare. Despite the extra burden this has placed on many of youwho work closely with the Russians, I hope you will find the innerstrength to see your projects through.
In the meantime, you are all familiar with the management andprocess reforms have been implemented. The goal of these reformsis to allow you to spend more time on the work that drew you tothe Agency and less time on paperwork.
We have increased opportunities for innovative partnerships thatfeature the sharing of cost and risk between the government andprivate sector. We are investigating the best methods to transferfunctions that are not inherently governmental to the privatesector. We have begun to incorporate data buys from the privatesector to meet our science and technology mission goals and operationalrequirements.
It is my hope that within ten years, NASA will have transferredall low Earth orbit operations and infrastructure to the privatesector. We will then be able to focus our human and financialresources on doing the things we all really want to do -- pushthe frontiers of science and advance technology.I believe that the observance of our middle-age milestone providesan excellent launch pad for superior achievements yet to come. The excitement generated during the Agencyís youthfulsprints of the past has made way for sustained long-term marathonsin the future. We are learning from our mistakes and we are takingcorrective action to improve future missions.
If we are to maintain the trust and support of the public andpolitical establishment, we must continue to do what we say we'regoing to do and honor our commitments to the Administration, Congress,and the tax payers.
In the heat of the Cold War, NASA was created to demonstrate thatthe values and freedom of democracy was a superior means to accomplishbold and noble challenges. After four decades of achievement,there should be no doubt that NASA has succeeded in fulfillingthe original expectations from the Administration and Congress. We have demonstrated capabilities and expertise that are theenvy of the world and a model for other spacefaring nations.
As we enter the New Millennium and define new challenges for ouraeronautics and space aspirations, I call upon all members ofthe NASA Team to pledge that you will ensure your contributionwill return high value for the publicís investment. Wewill continue to set challenging goals and hold ourselves to evenhigher standards of excellence. And many of you know me -- I'llalways be looking for that last five percent improvement fromeach of you.
I would like to end with the words of a noted aerospace pioneerwho devoted a good deal of time to the question of how humanitycould benefit from the exploration and exploitation of space resourcesand capabilities. Speaking to a gathering of navigation engineersin Huntsville shortly after NASA's 10th anniversary, Dr.Krafft Ehricke of North American Rockwell outlined his visionfor the future.
In closing his remarks, Dr. Ehricke suggested that ìPerhaps,as we place the extraterrestrial domain into the service of allpeople, we may be permitted to hope for the greatest benefit ofall: that the ugly, the bigoted, the hateful, the cheapness ofopportunism and all else that is small, narrow, contemptible andrepulsive becomes more apparent and far less tolerable from thevantage point of the stars than it ever was from the perspectiveof the mudhole. After all, should we not take a cue from thefact that since the beginning, we have always placed our dreamsand aspirations among the stars?î
We at NASA anticipate the future with great expectations. Tobring the domain of space into the service of humanity. To doour part to realize the dreams and aspirations of a great nationin the decades to come.
A very happy birthday to the most outstanding organization inthe world!