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Initial arrival and colonization of the Hawaiian archipelago by Polynesians, most likely from the Marquesas Islands about 2,500 miles (4,000 km) to the southeast. Relatively little is known about the culture, social customs, and rituals of this time period.
Development of food production and acquisition strategies; utilization of plentiful native and Polynesian-introduced resources, including plants, birds, shellfish, and fish (including large game fish); the population reaches an estimated 20,000 people, moving beyond the windward valleys into arid leeward valleys and coastal areas; a unique Hawaiian culture begins to develop.
Major increase in population; increased agriculture; the first true loko ia (fishponds) and the aquaculture techniques used to manage them; development of ahupuaa system (natural watershed land divisions extending from the mountains to the sea) with land divisions under the control of sub-chiefs responsible to a paramount chief; and other significant changes in social and political structures.
Further increases in food production, including irrigation in lower valleys; continuing social and political changes with independent chiefdoms competing for rule; changes in architecture of heiau (sacred places of worship), including increasingly large luakini heiau where human sacrifices occur.
Western goods and weapons bring dramatic changes in traditional ways of living; the Hawaiian monarchy is overthrown in 1893; the Hawaiian Islands are annexed to the United States in 1898; sugar becomes the driving force of the economy through the first half of the 1900s; the Islands are increasingly utilized by the U.S. as a strategic military location, and become the 50th state in 1959; tourism grows to seven million annual visitors by 2005.
In 1789, new nations were forming in two very different places. In the Hawaiian Islands, the brave, young warrior Kamehameha was leading an invasion of Maui, and he would soon conquer all of the Hawaiian Islands. In the United States, George Washington was elected as that countrys first president.
One revolution was the result of the American colonists resistance to the dominance of Great Britain. The other was the result of battles led by a young alii (royal) chief who would eventually form a united Hawaiian Kingdom and become known as King Kamehameha the Great.
This Timeline of Hawaiian History, as with this Hawaiian Encyclopedia overall, seeks to include all relevant information while remaining objective and impartial, and in all cases avoids subjective interpretations of major historical events (e.g., the arrival of missionaries, the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, etc.).
When specific details of particular events remain uncertain, controversial, or are subject to varying and contrasting historical interpretations, the pertinent issues are qualified and clarified, and in some cases opposing points of view are provided.
These ancient mariners sailing voyaging canoes first migrate from Taiwan and China to the Philippines and Indonesia (see approximate dates below), then to West Polynesia, East Polynesia, New Zealand, and eventually Tonga, Sāmoa and the Hawaiian Islands.[i] (See DNA Research on Polynesian/Hawaiian Origins and Migrations, Chapter 3.)
c.1500 B.C.The Lapita, an ancient Pacific Ocean people, migrate eastward from the Bismarck Archipelago, a group of volcanic islands off the northeast coast of New Guinea in the southwest Pacific. The eastward expansion of this Early Eastern Lapita people continues an early migration into the Western Pacific from Southeast Asia, and eventually gives rise to the Polynesians.[ii]
Note: The Lapita culture is known for its distinctive and colorful earthenware pottery, which can be traced through Melanesia to Sāmoa, Fiji, and Tonga, where many characteristics of typical Polynesian culture evolve during the first millennium. By the time the Hawaiian Islands are settled, however, the use of pottery disappears and is replaced instead by stone adzes and other crafts.
Lapita pottery appears in Melanesia and then New Caledonia and Sāmoa. The people of the Lapita culture are the founding members of Tonga, Sāmoa, and Fiji. (See Ancient Polynesians, Chapter 12.)
Note: About this time, mentions of the Polynesian gods first appear and this is also likely when the double voyaging canoe is developed, allowing the Polynesians to make long voyages extending thousands of miles.
c.1000 B.C. 900 B.C.Western Polynesia (including Tonga and Sāmoa) is first settled, and becomes the homeland of the Polynesians who develop a Proto-Polynesian language that leads to at least 36 documented Polynesian languages. More than 4,000 words of this Proto Polynesian language have been reconstructed.[iii]
Note: Molecular biologists have discovered phenotypic homogeneity and common genetic markers among Polynesians, suggesting a genetic bottleneck took place early in the history of the Polynesian race, likely around the time that Fiji, Tonga, and Sāmoa were settled. [iv]
Recent research by Bishop Museum chairman of anthropology Tianlong Jiao and Taiwanese archeologists Dr. Li Kuang-ti and Dr. Tsang Cheng-hwa produced results in agreement with the research of University of California Berkeley scientist Patrick V. Kirch and Peter Bellwood of the Australian National University.
Kirch and Bellwood espouse an Austronesian dispersal theory that Micronesians, Melanesians, and Polynesians are not separate races (as previously believed) but instead are all descended from the Austronesians who originated on the southern coast of China.[v]
The Marquesas are part of the South Pacific island group known as French Polynesia, an archipelago that includes 130 islands divided into five groups: the Gambier Islands, the Australs, the Tuamotus, the Society Islands, and the Marquesas. By A.D. 1200 the Polynesian voyagers settle nearly every habitable island over some ten million square miles of the Pacific Ocean.
The Hawaiian settlers construct houses of pili grass (Heteropogon contortus, twisted beardgrass) thatched on a wooden frame. They clear the lowland forests to plant kalo (Colocasia esculenta, taro). The eat taros lūau (young leaves) and pound the underground tubers (corms) into poi, a staple of their diet. The taro is grown in earthen and rock-terraced fields irrigated by networks of auwai (irrigation channels).
These first Polynesian settlers of the Hawaiian Islands also catch a variety of fish and shellfish from the ocean, eat honu (sea turtles) as well as limu (seaweed), and utilize many native Hawaiian plants as well as dozens of Polynesian-introduced species that they brought with them to the Hawaiian Islands on their voyaging canoes. In the coastal shallows the ancient Hawaiians build large loko ia (fishponds) that they keep well stocked.
c.A.D. 1000The existence of the sweet potato in Polynesia by this date suggests South American contact because the sweet potato is indigenous to South America. Polynesians may have sailed to South America, or the sweet potato may have been brought to Polynesia or arrived by some other means.
Note: Tahiti encompasses 402 square miles (1,041 sq. km), and is the largest island of the Society Islands group of French Polynesia, which also includes the Marquesas. The island of Tahiti is almost directly below the Hawaiian Islands and about half way between California and Australia.
c.1100A Tahitian kahuna (priest) named Pāao arrives in the Hawaiian Islands to start a high priest line known as kahuna nui, introducing the war god Kūkāilimoku and constructing luakini heiau (temples of human sacrifice).
Pāao returns to Tahiti and brings back a chief named Pili [Kaaiea], who rules Hawaii Island and sires the royal line that begins a 700-year dynasty culminating with the Kamehamehas. (See Hawaiian Culture, Chapter 3; AumākuaSacred Guardians; and Heiau and Kapu, Chapter 12.)
During this time a unique Hawaiian culture develops and continues to evolve. (See A Unique Hawaiian Culture; Celestial Navigation, ŌahiThe Fire-Throwing Ceremony; Medicinal PlantsThe Kahuna Lāau Lapaau; and Kapa (Tapa) Barkcloth, Chapter 12.)
c.1500Ruling chiefs battle for power, and engage in numerous interisland wars. The paramount chief of Maui is Kiha-a-piilani. Early rulers of Hawaii Island include Līloa and his son Umi-a-Līloa [Umi] (son of Līloa).
1519Spanish Explorer Ferdinand Magellan (Ferno de Magalhes) completes the first trans-Pacific voyage, as captain of the first ship to circumnavigate the Earth, though Magellan dies before the ship makes it back to Spain. Soon after this, many other ships begin to traverse the Pacific Ocean, including Spanish, French, Dutch and English ships.
Note: Despite the fact that ships of many countries sail the Pacific Ocean in the early 1500s, there are no verifiable records of any European ships or other Western ships reaching the Hawaiian Islands until more than 250 years later, in 1778, when British Captain James Cook officially becomes the first Westerner to visit the Hawaiian Islands.
Other maps and charts dating to the 1600s also show an island group thought to be the Hawaiian Islands, which are located just a few hundred miles from the routes known to be used by Spanish ships traveling between the Far East and Latin America during this time period.
c.1600Hawaii Island chief Umi-a-Līloa [Umi] marries Piikea, the daughter of the Maui ruler Piilani. Lono-a-Piilani, the eldest son of Piilani, becomes ruler of Maui after his father dies, and then is defeated by his younger brother Kiha-a-Piilani who is victorious in the battle due to the assistance of his brother-in-law Umi-a-Līloa, who continues to rule the Hāna district. Kiha-a-Piilani builds a road known as alaloa circling the island.
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