I've run into this same problem trying to build the new release of 10.9 from source (sage-10.9.tar.gz).
Here are my details, including showing R is already installed (sagemath 10.8 built without any problem).
rquint@Maria-Agnesi:~$ uname -a
Linux Maria-Agnesi 6.14.0-37-generic #37~24.04.1-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Thu Nov 20 10:25:38 UTC 2 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
rquint@Maria-Agnesi:~$ python --version
Python 3.12.3
rquint@Maria-Agnesi:~$ R --version
R version 4.3.3 (2024-02-29) -- "Angel Food Cake"
Copyright (C) 2024 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
I'm attaching my config.log, install.log and rpy2_rinterface-3.6.6.log