This is unfortunately rather subtle. The problem is that your notation derivative(s,t,k) clashes with the also accepted notation for the double derivative of s with respect to t and then to k, so it's not possible in sage presently to specify the k-th derivative for a symbolic k. So you need to not write that. Instead, you can use a python iterator to write out the sum completely, instead of trying to construct a symbolic sum. The notation is very close, but the meaning is completely different:
somat=sum( (((t-a)**k)/factorial(k))*((derivative(s,t,k)).limit(t=1)) for k in [0..3])
In this expression, k is never a symbolic variable (so you wouldn't need the var('k') declaration). It's a python variable, taking the values 0,1,2,3 sequentially.