Art And Fear Epub
Gabriel Litke
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Post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder and phobia manifest in ways that are consistent with an uncontrollable state of fear. Their development involves heredity, previous sensitizing experiences, association of aversive events with previous neutral stimuli, and inability to inhibit or extinguish fear after it is chronic and disabling. We highlight recent progress in fear learning and memory, differential susceptibility to disorders of fear, and how these findings are being applied to the understanding, treatment and possible prevention of fear disorders. Promising advances are being translated from basic science to the clinic, including approaches to distinguish risk versus resilience before trauma exposure, methods to interfere with fear development during memory consolidation after a trauma, and techniques to inhibit fear reconsolidation and to enhance extinction of chronic fear. It is hoped that this new knowledge will translate to more successful, neuroscientifically informed and rationally designed approaches to disorders of fear regulation.
Results: The search yielded 119 original research articles which are included in this review, of which 35 contained sufficient information for meta-analysis. The majority of children exhibited needle fear, while prevalence estimates for needle fear ranged from 20-50% in adolescents and 20-30% in young adults. In general, needle fear decreased with increasing age. Both needle fear and needle phobia were more prevalent in females than males. Avoidance of influenza vaccination because of needle fear occurred in 16% of adult patients, 27% of hospital employees, 18% of workers at long-term care facilities, and 8% of healthcare workers at hospitals. Needle fear was common when undergoing venipuncture, blood donation, and in those with chronic conditions requiring injection.
Conclusions: Fear of needles is common in patients requiring preventive care and in those undergoing treatment. Greater attention should be directed to interventions which alleviate fear in high-risk groups.
Synopsis Pain-related fear is implicated in the transition from acute to chronic low back pain and the persistence of disabling low back pain, making it a key target for physical therapy intervention. The current understanding of pain-related fear is that it is a psychopathological problem, whereby people who catastrophize about the meaning of pain become trapped in a vicious cycle of avoidance behavior, pain, and disability, as recognized in the fear-avoidance model. However, there is evidence that pain-related fear can also be seen as a common-sense response to deal with low back pain, for example, when one is told that one's back is vulnerable, degenerating, or damaged. In this instance, avoidance is a common-sense response to protect a "damaged" back. While the fear-avoidance model proposes that when someone first develops low back pain, the confrontation of normal activity in the absence of catastrophizing leads to recovery, the pathway to recovery for individuals trapped in the fear-avoidance cycle is less clear. Understanding pain-related fear from a common-sense perspective enables physical therapists to offer individuals with low back pain and high fear a pathway to recovery by altering how they make sense of their pain. Drawing on a body of published work exploring the lived experience of pain-related fear in people with low back pain, this clinical commentary illustrates how Leventhal's common-sense model may assist physical therapists to understand the broader sense-making processes involved in the fear-avoidance cycle, and how they can be altered to facilitate fear reduction by applying strategies established in the behavioral medicine literature. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47(9):628-636. Epub 13 Jul 2017. doi:10.2519/jospt.2017.7434.
But past does not mean a fear of ghosts, a staple in international horror. Individually, sure, we might feel a shiver or two watching a good haunted house movie. Collectively, sances, spirits and reincarnations are not part of a Victorian fad, but of real modern religions, practiced by millions. The influence of Spiritism is so great that some of our most well-known references of fictional evil ghosts come from sappy Spiritist telenovelas, not horror stories. Umbanda and Candombl also have possessions and trances, seen in both religions under a positive light, instead of the work of vengeful spirits.
The fear of God is a prominent theme in the Bible, but how often does fearing God come up in Christian conversation? How often does it feature in the advice we give one another on how to live for Jesus?
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At this point, we know that worry and fear are more about us than about the things outside us. They reveal what is valuable to us, and what is valuable to us in turn reveals our kingdom allegiances. We also know that God is patient and compassionate with us, and he gives grace upon grace. Though alert to our divided allegiances, he persists in calling us away from fear and worry, persuades us of the beauty of the kingdom, and gives more than we can imagine.
With this in mind, his words should sound attractive, and we should be more and more inclined to listen. We should still like to abolish anxieties quickly, but we are learning that God values strong foundations and gradual growth, and such foundations are established as we feed on him and his words. As we meditate on Scripture and make it our own, we should anticipate slow but steady change. Worriers should be experts in a handful of passages - Edward T. Welch Running Scared: Fear, Worry and the God of Rest(147).
A total of 743 articles were included for final analysis. Bibliographic data were exported from databases and then cleaned manually before using Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer to analyze and visualize the findings.
There is an increasing interest in the research in fear of childbirth during the past two decades. This study has demonstrated that the Swedish authors have a leading role on this topic. Researchers especially in countries with high birth rates, need to promote research projects in this field as it is an important public health issue.
Copyright: 2020 Dai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
A clinical guideline on the management of antenatal and postnatal mental health from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) advocated that the mental health of pregnant women should be treated as importantly as physical health in prenatal and postnatal care [17]. Given the high prevalence of FOC and its negative consequences worldwide, it unequivocally deserves ample focus. However, FOC has received limited attention compared to other mental health problems during pregnancy, such as postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is routinely screened in clinics, whereas FOC and other anxiety-related disorders are neglected [18]. In addition, FOC is a complex psychological problem without consensus on its definition and measurement [3], on which limited attention has been paid, especially in countries like China [2]. Therefore, there is a need to provide an informed and expanded description of this issue in published literature.
Bibliometrics is an important quantitative analysis approach using mathematical/statistical methods to evaluate the quality and quantity of published papers and assess worldwide research productivity in a particular field [19]. Research output plays an important role in scientific development and provides a key link for the generation and utilization of knowledge [20]. In addition, bibliometric analyses estimate the impact of existing academic achievements in a scientific community, and investigate a general trend of a specific theme [21, 22]. Therefore, a bibliometric analysis was applied in this study to give an insight into the current state of FOC, evaluate its worldwide research productivity, development, and trends in research on FOC. Furthermore, this study aims to provide objective information and direction for planning research and development programs in this area. Hopefully, this will stimulate researchers in the field of obstetrics and gynecology in all countries to place added emphasis on FOC and mental health care for women.
There were 61 countries that contributed to publications in the field of FOC. Sweden accounted for the majority (129, 16.7%), far higher than Iran which was second with 53, and the USA ranked third with 52 publications. The country with the highest number of citations per publication was Finland with 117.0 (see Table 1). The most active institutions (top 10) cited were universities or affiliated hospitals and more than half of it were in Sweden (see Table 2).
As for these journals, Midwifery, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica were the most prolific journals. Almost 40% of the 743 articles were published in the top 10 most productive journals, and most of these journals specifically focused on obstetrics and gynecology (see Table 4).
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