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To avoid having to reset my operating systems on my Lenovo laptop (80Q0001NUS) each time they fail, I need to be able to fully backup Ubuntu and Windows. I was hoping to make tar.xz files to save to my external hard drive, but I am completely unsure what to do even after searching online. My goal with my backups is to be able to restore either Ubuntu or Windows back to exactly how they were when they were compressed and archived. I have these partitions:
I am hoping to backup /dev/sda1 and /dev/sdb1 (separately if it's the best way) to /dev/sdc1, /dev/sdb2 to /dev/sdc2, and /dev/sda3 and /dev/sdb3 to /dev/sdc3. I need each of these backups to be easily organizable (like single files that I can use to restore each partition just as they were from the time of the backup creation). I also need them to be highly compressed if applicable. I don't want to backup the full partitions if avoidable. I just would like to restore the written data that I can restore to a similar setup of partitions and storage drives. Finally, I need to be able to restore my system with them like a LiveCD or something similar which will prevent any loss of software, files, etc. I don't want to have to download files and setup my operating systems again and again each time they fail. I hope to retain all of my configurations, settings, files, and anything else once the restoration is done. Please let me know the best way to do this. Thank you.
bs Block Size, aka, how much data you want to "buffer" in memory. If you do not use this, it basically copies directly from one device to another and will be slooooooow. For most operations, do specify something. I usually use something like bs=1G. Of course, you must have 1GB of free RAM to actually do that
Now, imagine you have a SSD of 128GB, named /dev/sda, and you want to "image" it (that's what the operation is called) fully, including everything that's on it. Partition tables. You have a backup disk with plenty of space on /mnt/bigdisk. To image the whole disk, you issue the following command:
This will take quite a while (but you haven't lived until you do this on a 4TB disk), and finally you will find a 128GB file named backup-20160812.img in /mnt/bigdisk. dd will not give any output during that time and you will notice a big degradation of system performance. Oh, and for the love of all what is good: make sure nothing, not a single partition, is mounted or using /dev/sda.
The only difference is using /dev/sda1 instead of /dev/sda (and I used another target filename). Why? Because /dev/sda represents the full disk, and /dev/sda1 represents the first partition on that disk. That's it... All the remarks about being a bitwise copy persist.
Some general remarks for understanding: Omitting the of will send all output to stdout. This data is send to gzip (or gunzip) using the pipe . Since gzip/gunzip have no specifed file, they use this data, and gzip it. The output is send to stdout, which we then send to a file using the > symbol.
Now off to ntfs partitions. ntfsclone There are other associated tools you might want to look into (ntfsresize, ntfsfix. Type ntfs on the command line and do tab completion) Instead of just copying all bits, ntfsclone will copy the filesystem structure and data (unless you tell it not to), and thus ignore unused space. This translates into the fact that the files are much smaller and aren't much bigger than the actual "used" filesize of the ntfs partition. Of too the command:
The size of these images are not changeable. You're not going to restore it to a smaller disk/partition, even if it would fit based on the filesize. The structures of the file system that have been backed up, are bound to the size of the disk. So, even though that image you made of a 100GB partition with 10GB data could fit on a smaller 50GB, it's not going to work. You can restore to a a larger partition, but again, the structures stayed the same, so, you'll have to use ntfsresize in order to actually be able to use that extra space.
Let's get to dump. As I mentioned in my comment, I haven't used this in ages. I just backup my data files, as I know that Linux re installations are basically painless, especially if you keep /home on a different partition. What is writen here is basically what I found out while I wrote it. My OpenBSD backup scripts that use dump are so old, I wouldn't dare to say that I still know how they work. To dump.
Finally, backing up the MBR and GPT:The MBR is easy and to be honest, I prefer using it as long as my disks don't exceed 2TB. Anyway, the MBR is basically block 0 on your disk, of which the first part is the boot code and the second part is the partition table. The first 446 bytes of the first sector, the next 66 Bytes are the partition. So, exctracting only the boot code, looks like this:
As you see MBR is simple. GPT is not and it's a pain. GPT is variable length, and you better Google it for a better understanding. I have no GPT disks on the machine I'm testing this, so double check everything. From what I Google, the tool to use is gdisk. Alas it seems to be an interactive tool. That's fine, but we want a simple one-liner:
to the applicaton gdisk working on device /dev/sda. The file /mnt/bigdisk/backup-20160812-gpt.gdisk should now contain a backup of the GPT.The restore should be something like this, but I did not try, so use at your own risk.
If you start Googling GPT in conjunction with dd, you'll see many people who warn you not to do this because of the uuid used by GPT. That is most certainly true: you will get problems if you have two disks active in the same system with the same uuid. Except of course, that's not what you are doing here. At no time, you'll have two identical uuids in the system if you stick to copying to files (which is what all my examples do)
As you see, this is rather a big chuck of information to digest and I'm not going to even bother reading it again for spelling mistakes, typos, etc. If it's all too much, look into Clonezilla. It might be closer to what you actually need. I might have even saved so much writing, had I started off with telling you that.
Change color of waveform when selected, not just the waveform background. > This would improve the visibility of the selected region, especially when editing high amplitude, highly compressed audio and full scale test tones.
I have been using Audacity since the first betas came out. I agree that seeing selections easier would be great! Maybe inverting colors in the selection would be an easier switch. Also, if left and right in stereo tracks could be different wave colors would be nice.
The version that is linked to above is in heavy use by a number of commercial organizations. I use it heavily on a daily basis. Many of the bug fixes of newer versions of Audacity have been incorporated (though none of the enhancements). Some of the unfixed bugs and enhancement requests of newer versions have been dealt with. Nevertheless, this is still basically version 2.0.6 and, as such, is NOT 2.3! However, with the exception of many enhancements, it should look and act basically the same as any recent Audacity.
Audacity has had a major facelift when it comes to the underlying code - there has been (and still ongoing) a very strong push by a new-to-Audacity developer to modernize the code. Although the language remains the same he is using new idioms and constructs with which I am not familiar. To enhance a more recent version would require me to relearn C++ (the programming language in which Audacity is written) and relearn the Audacity code base (probably a couple of years worth of time and effort).
At some point there is likely to be a major overhaul of how preferences are handled, such that many more options are available but within a simpler and more manageable system. A similar thing is also likely to happen to the Effects menu, so that a larger number of effects can be managed easily without overwhelming new users with a massive list of effects.
This is a compression program optimised for large files. The larger the file and the more memory you have, the better the compression advantage this will provide, especially once the files are larger than 100MB. The advantage can be chosen to be either size (much smaller than bzip2) or speed (much faster than bzip2). [...]The unique feature of lrzip is that it tries to make the most of the available ram in your system at all times for maximum benefit.
Con Kolivas provides a fantastic example in the Linux Kernel Mailing List; wherein he compresses a 10.3GB tarball of forty Linux Kernel releases down to 163.9MB (1.6%), and does so faster than xz. He wasn't even using the most aggressive second-pass algorithm!
7zip is more a compactor (like PKZIP) than a compressor. It's available for Linux, but it can only create compressed archives in regular files, it's not able to compress a stream for instance. It's not able to store most of Unix file attributes like ownership, ACLs, extended attributes, hard links...
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