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Everyone's SQL Server nightmare: The instance will not start. If such a problem strikes you, keep calm, follow Gail's advice, and you'll soon be back up and running. In the meantime, practice these steps so as to be ready!
The first place you should start looking for the cause is the SQL Server error log. The Windows Application Event Log will do as well, but I prefer the SQL error log, as I can see all the messages at once, and not have to click on them one by one.
This is the default location for the error log for the default instance of SQL Server 2008. To find the cause of the startup failure, navigate to that folder and, in Notepad, open the latest error log file (called ERRORLOG) and scroll right to the bottom.
Additionally, if a user repeatedly enters the password incorrectly, or a service (SQL, or any other service that may be using the same account) repeatedly attempts to submit the old password, after a password change, then the account will eventually be locked. As before, this will have no effect on a running SQL Server but the next time that the service attempts to start, it will be unable to do so.
This is one of the cases where looking at the SQL Server error log is fruitless. The latest log file (Errorlog) will contain only messages from before the restart and will have no indication of the problem. If I simulate this problem and look at the error log, the last messages in the log read:
These messages simply record the last shutdown of SQL Server before the service failed to start, and there is nothing in that log to indicate any problem. However, the lack of error messages is, in itself, useful, as it eliminates many potential causes that would result in logged messages.
One of the first things that SQL Server needs to do in the startup process is to open and recover the master database, so that it can load the configuration settings and locate and open the other system databases and all the user databases. If SQL Server cannot find the files for the master database, for some reason, then it cannot start.
The first step here is to identify what has happened to the master data and log files. Has someone changed the startup parameter to point to an incorrect location? If so, we need to alter the startup parameter so that it points to the correct location of the database files. You can find the startup parameters under the properties of the service, in the Service Control Manager application, as shown in Figure 3. The -d parameter specifies the location of the data file, the -l specifies the location of the log file.
As an aside: in addition to taking regular backups of the system databases, I like to take a one-off, post-installation copy of the files for each of the two main system databases (master and model). This is not because copying database files is a good backup strategy, but because it makes it easier to recover from this kind of situation, as it means I have files to put down should the system database files disappear completely. This allows me to start the instance and restore the backups of the system databases.
Just finding the master database files is not enough; SQL Server must be able to open the database, recover it and bring it online. Severe corruption may result in the master database failing to come online and hence the startup of SQL Server failing.
Depending on the type of corruption, and on which parts of the files are corrupt, you may see different messages. The key is that there is some fatal corruption found in the master database and the solution in each case is the same as described in the previous section for missing files. Rebuild the system databases, restart SQL Server in single user mode and restore the backups of all the system databases.
All of this is a slightly long-winded way of saying that in order to start up cleanly, SQL Server needs to clear TempDB. In order to do this, SQL Server needs to bring online (open and recover) the model database, as model is the template. If the model database files are missing or damaged, this clearing of TempDB will fail and the SQL Server startup will fail. However, I hope the more-detailed explanation, above, will help you make sense of the messages you see when troubleshooting startup issues that relate to problems with model.
If a model file is missing, we need to find out what happened to it. Has a drive not come online (or come online after SQL started)? Has someone accidentally renamed or moved the file? If we can make the model files accessible to SQL Server, in a similar fashion as described previously for the missing or inaccessible master files, then this will solve the problem.
Nevertheless, a simpler approach might be to copy the model files from another SQL instance of the same version (preferably service pack too), and use those in place of the missing or damaged files. This lets SQL start normally and then we can simply restore model from backup. If we have backups of the model database files, we can equally well use those.
Yet another option would be to rebuild the system databases (as discussed earlier) and then restore the backups of master, model and msdb. This will take a little longer, as three backups need to be restored, but works just fine.
If a drive has failed, it may be possible to temporarily map a SAN LUN (or even add an external drive) to that drive letter, to allow SQL Server to start. Once SQL Server has started, we can change the defined location of the TempDB files using the ALTER DATABASE command and restart SQL Server, putting the TempDB files into a new location.
This is a seriously fun and unexpected error! One of the things that SQL Server needs to do to start is to locate and cycle the error log. It locates the error log using the -e startup parameter, if specified, or it looks in the registry if that parameter is not there. Once it gets the location, it renames the existing error log files (Errorlog becomes Errorlog.1, Errorlog.1 becomes Errorlog.2, and so on), creates a new Errorlog and starts logging the startup progress into this file.
If the SQL Server service does not have permission to access the folder, then we grant the necessary permission and restart the SQL server service. Once the crisis is past, we can find out who removed the permission and why, perhaps a security admin tightening security or implementing a new group policy.
In this article, we delved into some of the problems that can cause a SQL instance to fail to start including missing files belonging to the system databases, account problems and missing error logs. We investigated the causes of those problems, and methods to resolve them and get SQL back up and running.
It is essential that every DBA can troubleshoot and resolve such quickly. I would encourage anyone who is responsible for production SQL Server instances to fire up a VM and work through these problems and solutions. Rename a file belonging to the master database; corrupt model; delete the TempDB folder and practice recovering from the various situations.
Gail Shaw, famous for her forum contributions under the pen name 'gilamonster', is from Johannesburg Gauteng and works as a database consultant in performance tuning and database optimisation. Before moving to consulting she worked at a large South African investment bank and was responsible for the performance of the major systems there.
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