It can be hard to remember becoming a feminist if only because it ishard to remember a time that you did not feel that way. Is it possibleto have always been that way? Is it possible to have been a feministright from the beginning? A feminist story can be a beginning. Perhapswe can make sense of the complexity of feminism as an activist space ifwe can give an account of how feminism becomes an object of feeling, assomething we invest in, as a way of relating to the world, a way ofmaking sense of how we relate to the world. When did "feminism" become aword that spoke not just to you, but spoke you, that spoke of yourexistence or even spoke you into existence? The sound of it, your sound?How do we gather by gathering around this word, sticking to each otherby sticking to it? What did it mean, what does it mean, to hold onto"feminism," to fight under its name; to feel in its ups and downs, inits coming and goings, one's own ups and downs, one's own comings andgoings?
What is my story? Like you, I have many. One way of telling myfeminist story would be to begin with a table. Around the table, afamily gathers. Always we are seated in the same place: my father oneend, myself the other, my two sisters to one side, my mother to theother. Always we are seated this way, as if we are trying to secure morethan our place. A childhood memory, yes. But it is also memory of aneveryday experience in that quite literal sense of an experience thathappened every day. An intense everyday: my father asking questions, mysisters and me answering them, my mother mostly silent. When doesintensity become tension?
We begin with a table. Around this table, the family gathers, havingpolite conversations, where only certain things can be brought up.Someone says something you consider problematic. You are becoming tense;it is becoming tense. How hard to tell the difference between what isyou and what is it! You respond, carefully, perhaps. You say why youthink what they have said is problematic. You might be speaking quietly,but you are beginning to feel "wound up," recognising with frustrationthat you are being wound up by someone who is winding you up. Inspeaking up or speaking out, you upset the situation. That you havedescribed what was said by another as a problem means you have created aproblem. You become the problem you create.
To be the object of shared disapproval, those glances that can cutyou up, cut you out. An experience of alienation can shatter a world.The family gathers around the table; these are supposed to be happyoccasions. How hard we work to keep the occasion happy, to keep thesurface of the table polished so that it can reflect back a good imageof the family. So much you are not supposed to say, to do, to be, inorder to preserve that image. If you say, or do, or be anything thatdoes not reflect the image of the happy family back to itself, the worldbecomes distorted. You become the cause of a distortion. You are thedistortion you cause. Another dinner, ruined. To become alienated from apicture can allow you to see what that picture does not and will notreflect.
If we are disappointed by something that is supposed to make ushappy, we generate explanations of why that thing is disappointing. Wecan be disappointed without ever being happy. Think of the wedding day,imagined as "the happiest day of your life" before it even happens! What happens when the day happens, if happiness does nothappen? In her classic The Managed Heart, Arlie RussellHochschild explores how if the bride is not happy on the wedding day,and feels "depressed and upset," then she is experiencing an"inappropriate affect," or is being affected inappropriately. You haveto save the day by feeling right: "sensing a gap between the idealfeeling and the actual feeling she tolerated, the bride prompts herselfto be happy".[2] The capacity to "save the day" depends on the bridebeing able to make herself be affected in the right way, or at leastbeing able to persuade others that she is being affected in the rightway. To correct our feelings is to become disaffected from a formeraffection: the bride makes herself happy by stopping herself from beingmiserable. We learn from this example that it is possible not to inhabitfully one's own happiness, or even to be alienated from one's happiness,if the former affection remains lively, persisting as more than justmemory, or if one is made uneasy by the very necessity of having to makeoneself feel a certain way.
You cannot always close the gap between how you do feel and how youshould feel. Behind the sharpness of this "cannot" is a world ofpossibility. Does activism act out of this gap, opening it up, looseningit up? Not to close the gap between what you do feel and what you shouldfeel might begin as or with a sense of disappointment. Disappointmentcan involve an anxious narrative of self-doubt (why I am not made happyby this; what is wrong with me?), or a narrative of rage, where theobject that is "supposed" to make us happy is attributed as the cause ofdisappointment. Your rage might be directed against it, or spill outtoward those that promised you happiness through the elevation of suchobjects as good. We become strangers, or affect aliens, in such moments.
To be unseated by the table of happiness might be to threaten notsimply that table, but what gathers around it, what gathers on it. Whenyou are unseated, you can even get in the way of those who are seated, those who want more than anything to keep their seats. To threaten the loss ofthe seat can be to kill the joy of the seated. How well we recognise thefigure of the feminist killjoy! How she makes sense! Let's take thefigure of the feminist killjoy seriously. One feminist project could beto give the killjoy back her voice. Whilst hearing feminists as killjoysmight be a form of dismissal, there is an agency that this dismissalrather ironically reveals. We can respond to the accusation with a"yes."
The figure of the feminist killjoy makes sense if we place her in thecontext of feminist critiques of happiness, of how happiness is used tojustify social norms as social goods (a social good is what causeshappiness, given happiness is understood as what is good). As Simone deBeauvoir described so astutely "it is always easy to describe as happy asituation in which one wishes to place [others]."[4] Not to agree tostay in the place of this wish might be to refuse the happiness that iswished for. To be involved in political activism is thus to be involvedin a struggle against happiness. Even if we are struggling for differentthings, even if we have different worlds we want to create, we mightshare what we come up against. Our activist archives are thus unhappyarchives. Just think of the labor of critique that is behind us:feminist critiques of the figure of "the happy housewife;" Blackcritiques of the myth of "the happy slave"; queer critiques of thesentimentalisation of heterosexuality as "domestic bliss." The struggleover happiness provides the horizon in which political claims are made. We inherit this horizon.
To be willing to go against a social order, which is protected as amoral order, a happiness order is to be willing to cause unhappiness,even if unhappiness is not your cause. To be willing to causeunhappiness might be about how we live an individual life (not to choose"the right path" is readable as giving up the happiness that is presumedto follow that path). Parental responses to coming out, for example, can take theexplicit form not of being unhappy about the child being queer but ofbeing unhappy about the child being unhappy.[5] Even if you donot want to cause the unhappiness of those you love, a queer life canmean living with that unhappiness. To be willing to cause unhappinesscan also be how we immerse ourselves in collective struggle, as we workwith and through others who share our points of alienation. Those whoare unseated by the tables of happiness can find each other.
So, yes, let's take the figure of the feminist killjoy seriously.Does the feminist kill other people's joy by pointing out moments ofsexism? Or does she expose the bad feelings that get hidden, displaced,or negated under public signs of joy? Does bad feeling enter the roomwhen somebody expresses anger about things, or could anger be the momentwhen the bad feelings that circulate through objects get brought to thesurface in a certain way? The feminist subject "in the room" hence"brings others down" not only by talking about unhappy topics such assexism but by exposing how happiness is sustained by erasing the signsof not getting along. Feminists do kill joy in a certain sense: theydisturb the very fantasy that happiness can be found in certain places.To kill a fantasy can still kill a feeling. It is not just thatfeminists might not be happily affected by what is supposed to causehappiness, but our failure to be happy is read as sabotaging thehappiness of others.
We can consider the relationship between the negativity of the figureof the feminist killjoy and how certain bodies are "encountered" asbeing negative. Marilyn Frye argues that oppression involves therequirement that you show signs of being happy with the situation inwhich you find yourself. As she puts it, "it is often a requirement uponoppressed people that we smile and be cheerful. If we comply, we signifyour docility and our acquiescence in our situation." To be oppressedrequires that you show signs of happiness, as signs of being or havingbeen adjusted. For Frye "anything but the sunniest countenance exposesus to being perceived as mean, bitter, angry or dangerous".[6]
To be recognized as a feminist is to be assigned to a difficultcategory and a category of difficulty. You are "already read" as "noteasy to get along with" when you name yourself as a feminist. You haveto show that you are not difficult through displaying signs of good willand happiness. Frye alludes to such experiences when she describes how:"this means, at the very least, that we may be found to be "difficult"or unpleasant to work with, which is enough to cost one's livelihood."[7] We can also witness an investment in feminist unhappiness (the myththat feminists kill joy because they are joy-less). There is a desire tobelieve that women become feminists because they are unhappy.This desire functions as a defense of happiness against feministcritique. This is not to say that feminists might not be unhappy;becoming a feminist might mean becoming aware of just how muchthere is to be unhappy about. Feminist consciousness could be understoodas consciousness of unhappiness, a consciousness made possible by therefusal to turn away. My point here would be that feminists are read asbeing unhappy, such that situations of conflict, violence, and power areread as about the unhappiness of feminists, rather than beingwhat feminists are unhappy about.
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