Project SUNSHINE was a series of research studies that began in 1953 to ascertain the impact of radioactive fallout on the world's population.[1] The project was initially kept secret, and only became known publicly in 1956.[1] Commissioned jointly by the United States Atomic Energy Commission and USAF Project Rand, SUNSHINE sought to examine the long-term effects of nuclear radiation on the biosphere due to repeated nuclear detonations of increasing yield.[2] With the conclusion from Project GABRIEL that radioactive isotope Sr-90 represented the most serious threat to human health from nuclear fallout, Project SUNSHINE sought to measure the global dispersion of Sr-90 by measuring its concentration in the tissues and bones of the dead. Of particular interest was tissue from the young, whose developing bones have the highest propensity to accumulate Sr-90 and thus the highest susceptibility to radiation damage.[2] SUNSHINE elicited a great deal of controversy when it was revealed that many of the remains sampled were utilized without prior permission from relatives of the dead, which wasn't known until many years later.[3]
Half a century after secret studies on the effects of radioactive fallout were carried out in the United States and Britain, the world is waking up to the \"body snatching\" of the 1950s.Called \"Project Sunshine,\" studies conducted on dead babies sought to measure the amount of radioactive strontium-90 being absorbed by humans due to nuclear testing.
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The investigation was launched days after a British newspaper reported that British scientists obtained children's bodies from various hospitals and shipped their bones and other body parts to the United States for classified nuclear experiments.
Hunting and food-gathering societies are particularly vulnerable to the effects of fallout, since these people are often at the head of natural food chains which can bioaccumulate toxic substances. This paper describes a study on the effects of fallout radiocesium in caribou consumers of northern Canada. Portable whole body counting equipment was transported into five Arctic communities in 1989-90 and used to measure radiocesium body burdens in over 1100 people. The results were compared with a similar survey carried out in 1967-68. The mean body burden for adults in each community had decreased by a factor of 20 to 30 since the earlier survey. It was possible to derive an effective half time of about 4.5 years for the decrease of Cs-137 body burdens in the Arctic. The mean lifetime dose from the ingestion of radiocesium since 1967 amounted to not more than 12 mSv, with possibly an equal contribution from the period before 1967. The current radiation doses are much less than natural background and it is possible to reassure northern residents that caribou meat remains a safe and nutritious food source.
When confronted with the fallout of childhood trauma, why do some children adapt and overcome, while others bear lifelong scars that flatten their potential? A growing body of evidence points to one common answer: Every child who winds up doing well has had at least one stable and committed relationship with a supportive adult.
Of course, trauma can cause teeth to become loose too early if your child falls or hurts themselves. If this happens, you should act fast and see your dentist right away as they may be able to fix it.
Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four heart changes present at birth. There is a hole in the heart called a ventricular septal defect. There also is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve or other area along the pathway between the heart and lungs. Narrowing of the pulmonary valve is called pulmonary stenosis. The body's main artery, called the aorta, is misplaced. The lower right heart chamber wall is thickened, a condition called right ventricular hypertrophy. Tetralogy of Fallot changes how blood flows through the heart and to the rest of the body.
These heart problems affect the structure of the heart. The condition causes altered blood flow through the heart and to the rest of the body. Babies with tetralogy of Fallot often have blue or gray skin color due to low oxygen levels.
In the modern era, repair of tetrology of Fallot can be performed with very low mortality, in the neighborhood of 1%, and the late survival and quality of life are excellent for the majority of patients. In general, children attend school and can participate in most childhood sport activities without restrictions. Early repair in the first six months of life is the rule, and preservation of the pulmonary valve and minimizing pulmonary regurgitation is the goal. The need for diligent lifelong surveillance cannot be overemphasized, so that proper timing of any potential subsequent interventions can be optimized.
Mayo Clinic has a long-standing history in the surgical care of tetrology of Fallot since the earliest days of cardiac surgery in the mid 1950s. The number of patients in our practice that have undergone complete repair, or palliative procedures, or re-operations later on in life, in childhood and adulthood, with tetrology of Fallot are now in the thousands. Thank you very much for listening on tetrology of Fallot.
Tet spells are caused by a rapid drop in the amount of oxygen in the blood. They are most common in young infants, around 2 to 4 months old. Tet spells may be less noticeable in toddlers and older children. That's because they typically squat when they're short of breath. Squatting sends more blood to the lungs.
Because the exact cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown, it may not be possible to prevent these conditions. If you have a high risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital heart defect, genetic testing and screening may be done during pregnancy.
Good reminder that when the days are long and the tempers are short to take a deep breath and just be there for my child rather than give an exasperated reply (which is easy with one kid and oh so hard when two are in the same place at the same time pulling me in four directions).
I have let my child deal with his tantrum in the middle of a mall. I was not baby wearing at the time, so I was able to move him to a safe place. Then I stood there waiting for him to calm down. I noticed an older woman nearby who was watching us, and I simply smiled a friendly smile. I have found that most gawkers in public will continue about their business if you acknowledge them in a friendly way. Not everyone will agree with your parenting methods, but you get to choose the best practice, not them! So, as uncomfortable as it can be to have a bunch of strangers staring at you, if this is your method to deal with it, then put your own discomfort aside, openly look around, casually, and smile and nod at all of the gawkers.
I love the advice, and wish I had heard it years ago. I am a grandmother, and I will try to see my grands time of disappointment as times to further bond with the child and help them learn how to cope with difficulties, and that there is life worth living ahead. Thanks!
I love that advice. My sons are 23 and 27. The oldest died from SUDEP in 2011. That is similar advice to what my mother gave me. In my shoes, I can say that you can not spend too much time holding on to your children at any age. I would go back and do it all over again.
aleefriedel, I respect your opinion and I must make sure you are aware that decades of research have shown spanking to be harmful to children, leading to an increase in violent and or suicidal behavior, if not when they are children, then later in life.
The main etiologic factor of various diseases, syndromes and pathologic conditions is an excess, deficiency or imbalance of trace element intake into the human body. Children seem to be the most sensitive to each change of trace element homeostasis. An inadequate essential trace element intake may result in an undesirable consequence that can apparently multiply against a background of additional unfavourable environmental influence such as high levels of radiation, organic and inorganic toxins, etc. Thus, the quality control of children's diets assumes urgent importance within the regions covered by the Chernobyl disaster. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to estimate contents of Ag, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, and Zn in the diets of children and adolescents. Diets were chosen from day care centre, boarding school and technical college cafeterias situated within the south and south west territories of the Kaluga Region, where radionuclide contamination ranges up to 15 Ci/km2. Ca and Zn deficiencies were found in the diets of children and adolescents aged 7-18. The Ca intake is only 212 mg/day, 5 times lower than that in developed countries. The Zn intake is 6.8 mg/day, 2 times lower than the level recommended by the WHO.
During pregnancy, there are screening tests (also called prenatal tests) to check for birth defects and other conditions. Tetralogy of Fallot might be seen during an ultrasound (which creates pictures of the body). Some findings from the ultrasound may make the health care provider suspect a baby may have tetralogy of Fallot. If so, the health care provider can request a fetal echocardiogram to confirm the diagnosis. A fetal echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart of the fetus. This test can show problems with the structure of the heart and how the heart is working with this defect.
Tetralogy of Fallot can be treated by surgery soon after the baby is born. During surgery, doctors widen or replace the pulmonary valve and enlarge the passage to the pulmonary artery. They also will place a patch over the ventricular septal defect to close the hole between the two lower chambers of the heart. These actions will improve blood flow to the lungs and the rest of the body.
Among the numerous radioactive substances released in fallout, there has been a great deal of concern about and study of one radioactive form of iodine--called iodine-131, or I-131. I-131 collects in the thyroid gland. People exposed to I-131, especially during childhood, may have an increased risk of thyroid disease, including thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer is uncommon and is usually curable. Typically, it is a slow-growing cancer that is highly treatable. About 98 out of 100 people who are diagnosed with thyroid cancer survive the disease for at least five years after diagnosis.
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