Weather 21 10

[Ena Marklund]

Itwill be a hot and more humid start to the week, but look for more unsettled weather to move in Tuesday with several chances for showers and thunderstorms through mid week. We sure do need the rain! It will still be pretty warm as we move into August.

OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science. For each point on the globe, OpenWeather provides historical, current and forecasted weather data via light-speed APIs. Headquarters in London, UK.

The hottest weather of the summer is here for this weekend. It will be hazy, hot and humid tonight through Sunday evening, when there will be an increasing chance for rain into Monday. Lows over the weekend will be in the upper 60s to around 70. The high Saturday will be near 90, and the high Sunday will be in the upper 80s. Monday looks rainy and cooler, and the sunshine returns for most of next week, with highs mainly in the 80s.

NDOT will resume normal office hours starting Monday. Employees who are scheduled to work in the office on Monday will report. NDOT is aware that schools are closed Monday for Metro and surrounding counties due to hazardous road conditions in some areas.

Due to winter weather, WeGo Public Transit will continue to operate on some snow routes on Monday, January 22. Routes 3 West End, 18 Airport, 28 Meridian, and 50 Charlotte will return to normal service at 4:15 p.m. Sunday, January 20. For details on the latest snow routes, visit the Weather Alerts page at WeGoTransit.com. Regional bus service, the WeGo Star, 64 Star Downtown Shuttle, and 93 Star West End Shuttle will operate as regularly scheduled on Monday.

Safety is our number one priority, so please be aware that there may be additional delays as bus operators are proceeding cautiously. We ask that you allow for additional travel time so we can help get you where you need to go safely.

Customers should watch for media alerts on local television stations, follow WeGo Public Transit on social media (@WeGoTransit), and visit WeGoTransit.com for continuous updates. Customers can also check one of the mobile real-time information tools such as Google Transit or the Transit App.

Due to hazardous road conditions caused by inclement weather, Metro Nashville Public Schools are closed, Monday, January 22. MNPS intends to resume normal operations on Tuesday, January 23, weather permitting.

MNPS has six inclement weather days built into the calendar. This will be the 5th inclement used this school year. Potential makeup days, if we go over six, are identified in the calendar as Feb. 19, March 5, May 24, 28, 29, 30, 31.

*The Emergency Support Unit (ESU) members volunteer to augment regular emergency management services provided by the Office of Emergency Management during periods of actual or threatened emergencies, to conduct search and rescue operations and to assist with public events.

If your occupancy has a sprinkler system it must remain operational no matter what the circumstances are, including freezing temperatures. It is not allowable under the life safety code to disable the system.

For more information on sprinkler maintenance during freezing temperatures please see the article below.

Waste Services will be collecting trash and recycling on a holiday schedule this week - Monday's collection for both trash and recycling will be on Tuesday, Tuesday on Wednesday, etc., with Friday collection on Saturday.

As temperatures continue to rise, we anticipate an increase in water main breaks caused by ground shift. Potential water main breaks should be reported to MWS as soon as possible to 615-862-4600. If water is seen bubbling up in a roadway or flowing in an unusual place, or residents experience a water outage or unexplained low pressure, it may be the result of a broken water main. Current break investigations or active break repairs can be viewed on the MWS Outage map at Metro Water Services Outage Map.

Office of Homeless Services Outreach team has suspended cold patrols due to rising temperatures and will return to regular daily camp visits. the office is also return focus on wrapping up the Welcome Home housing surge at the Hermitage camp.

The Nashville Planning Department will be open on Monday, January 22. Planning personnel ask that the community wait to come into the office until 12 p.m., if possible, to give staff time to safely commute.

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Climate change will expectedly increase plant diseases in crops. Firstly, globalization and international trade have intensified movement of crop pathogens between continents in the past few decades17,18, increasing the risk of transmission from disease-prevalent to disease-free regions. Plant species or cultivars that have not coevolved with the introduced pathogen in the new geographical location are likely to foster pathogen prevalence and disease outbreaks. An example of trade and transport as drivers of pathogen emergence is wilt disease of banana, also known as Panama disease, caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, which likely originated in Southeast Asia and then spread globally during the twentieth century19. Secondly, climate and ecological changes and modern land management practices dominated by monocultures and high-density crops likely facilitated the emergence and adaptation of plant pathogens able to disseminate beyond their normal geographical ranges. For example, soybean and wheat are extensively grown in high-density monocultures, and their yields are compromised by a plethora of pests and pathogens. Soybean rust caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi and wheat blotch caused by the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici are among the most destructive diseases on these crops, and yield losses of more than 50% have been documented during severe epidemics2,20. Despite the complexity of natural ecosystems (for example, biodiversity interactions), climate change and the linked emergence and evolution of pathogens pose similar challenges for wild plant communities and productivity21. For example, global warming-associated range expansion of Phytophthora cinnamomi could have significant negative impact on indigenous plant communities in many parts of the world22,23. A further increase in disease burden as a result of climate change could have devastating consequences for many plant species, food production and security, ecosystem sustainability and social conflicts.

This Review discusses how plant pathogen loads and disease pressure are likely to change under future climate scenarios. We explore current and future impacts of climate change and land use intensification on pathogen biogeography, on interactions between the plant microbiome and plant pathogens, and on plant disease incidence and severity, and their collective influence on agriculture and primary production. We analyse possible mechanisms by which pathogen invasion affects the plant microbiome, and how this knowledge might be harnessed to mitigate the risk of disease outbreaks, via improved disease surveillance, predictive modelling and effective sustainable management strategies8,12. Finally, we propose different approaches that combine pathogen monitoring and policy frameworks to ensure the long-term sustainability of global food security and environmental sustainability.

The molecular basis for why plants are more susceptible to pathogens at high temperatures is not well understood13. However, elevated temperatures can suppress plant immunity, leading to increased pathogen infection24. In Arabidopsis, production of salicylic acid, a hormone critical to plant defence, is suppressed at high temperatures40 due to impaired activation of master immune transcription factors such as CBP60g (ref. 41). The CBP60g family transcription factors are widely conserved in plants42, and understanding their role in thermosensitive regulation of plant immunity provides clues for improved understanding of the warming effect on plant diseases. In rice, warm temperatures enhance expression of abscisic acid biosynthesis and responsive genes, and this is associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial blight disease; interestingly, suppression of the abscisic acid pathways was associated with resistance at elevated temperatures43. A recent study reported that induction of jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signalling genes by Magnaporthe oryzae results in enhanced susceptibility to rice blast disease in rice at warm temperatures44.

Variations in relative humidity and soil moisture are among the main drivers of abundance and infectivity of plant pathogens, and therefore climate-induced changes in humidity will likely impact future plant disease outbreaks16. Many fungal diseases require high humidity for spore germination and infection of their host plants16. High humidity generally promotes the virulence of pathogens infecting aerial plant tissues. Infection rates by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in lettuce52 and the stem rot pathogen Phytophthora sojae are higher under increased humidity53. Humidity-dependent expression of bacterial effectors that modify plant immune responses promotes establishment of P. syringae in the aqueous intercellular space (apoplast) of Arabidopsis leaves54. Higher humidity is also correlated with the increased production of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol by F. graminearum, a pathogen infecting a range of grains, which results in significant economic losses and a reduction in food quality55,56. On the contrary, for M. oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast, and Streptomyces spp., causing bacterial scab in potato, lower moisture conditions increase pathogen numbers and disease severity57,58. Recent analyses suggest that an overall increase in relative humidity can increase the incidence of fungal-caused diseases in general16.

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