Hi Ishansso,
you haven't said what library you are using for the rest of the application, but for the screens that use the CEF component you may need to resort to something lower level like autoitlibrary or PywinautoLibrary or worst case the SikuliLibrary, so yes things can always be automated with robot framework.
On the other hand, does that component need to be tested within the application using the CEF component? If not you might be able to SeleniumLibrary or BrowserLibrary to simply point a chrome/chromium browser at the server endpoint the CEF component is hitting and test those screens this way, this would be much easier, but that will depend on how integrated the server component is with the desktop application (if the server is expecting data from the desktop application or the desktop application is expecting data back from the CEF page) or the risk profile of your organisation.
Anyway hopefully i've given you enough ideas that you can find a working solution,
Dave.