Anyone looking to do this in the future you can grant permissions with an Application reference like so:
public static void grantPermission(final Application app, final String permission) {
ShadowApplication shadowApp = Robolectric.shadowOf(app);
shadowApp.grantPermissions(permission);
}
and in order to test if a permission is enabled you should be using this passing the Application's context:
private static boolean isPermissionGranted(final Context context, final String permission) {
return (context.checkPermission(permission, android.os.Process.myPid(), android.os.Process.myUid()) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED);