Xforce Keygen Alias Design 2010 64 Bit Windows 7
Latrina Cobbett
The description below uses the variable name $CATALINA_BASE to refer the base directory against which most relative paths are resolved. If you have not configured Tomcat for multiple instances by setting a CATALINA_BASE directory, then $CATALINA_BASE will be set to the value of $CATALINA_HOME, the directory into which you have installed Tomcat.
Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer(SSL), are technologies which allow web browsers and web servers to communicateover a secured connection. This means that the data being sent is encrypted byone side, transmitted, then decrypted by the other side before processing.This is a two-way process, meaning that both the server AND the browser encryptall traffic before sending out data.
Another important aspect of the SSL/TLS protocol is Authentication. This meansthat during your initial attempt to communicate with a web server over a secureconnection, that server will present your web browser with a set ofcredentials, in the form of a "Certificate", as proof the site is who and whatit claims to be. In certain cases, the server may also request a Certificatefrom your web browser, asking for proof that you are who you claimto be. This is known as "Client Authentication," although in practice this isused more for business-to-business (B2B) transactions than with individualusers. Most SSL-enabled web servers do not request Client Authentication.
It is important to note that configuring Tomcat to take advantage ofsecure sockets is usually only necessary when running it as a stand-aloneweb server. Details can be found in theSecurity Considerations Document.When running Tomcat primarily as a Servlet/JSP container behindanother web server, such as Apache or Microsoft IIS, it is usually necessaryto configure the primary web server to handle the SSL connections from users.Typically, this server will negotiate all SSL-related functionality, thenpass on any requests destined for the Tomcat container only after decryptingthose requests. Likewise, Tomcat will return cleartext responses, that willbe encrypted before being returned to the user's browser. In this environment,Tomcat knows that communications between the primary web server and theclient are taking place over a secure connection (because your applicationneeds to be able to ask about this), but it does not participate in theencryption or decryption itself.
In order to implement SSL, a web server must have an associated Certificatefor each external interface (IP address) that accepts secure connections.The theory behind this design is that a server should provide some kind ofreasonable assurance that its owner is who you think it is, particularlybefore receiving any sensitive information. While a broader explanation ofCertificates is beyond the scope of this document, think of a Certificate as a"digital passport" for an Internet address. It states which organisation thesite is associated with, along with some basic contact information about thesite owner or administrator.
This certificate is cryptographically signed by its owner, and istherefore extremely difficult for anyone else to forge. For the certificate towork in the visitors browsers without warnings, it needs to be signed by atrusted third party. These are called Certificate Authorities (CAs). Toobtain a signed certificate, you need to choose a CA and follow the instructionsyour chosen CA provides to obtain your certificate. A range of CAs is availableincluding some that offer certificates at no cost.
Java provides a relatively simple command-line tool, calledkeytool, which can easily create a "self-signed" Certificate.Self-signed Certificates are simply user generated Certificates which have notbeen signed by a well-known CA and are, therefore, not really guaranteed to beauthentic at all. While self-signed certificates can be useful for some testingscenarios, they are not suitable for any form of production use.
When securing a website with SSL it's important to make sure that all assetsthat the site uses are served over SSL, so that an attacker can't bypassthe security by injecting malicious content in a javascript file or similar. Tofurther enhance the security of your website, you should evaluate to use theHSTS header. It allows you to communicate to the browser that your site shouldalways be accessed over https.
Using name-based virtual hosts on a secured connection requires carefulconfiguration of the names specified in a single certificate or Tomcat 8.5onwards where Server Name Indication (SNI) support is available. SNI allowsmultiple certificates with different names to be associated with a single TLSconnector.
Tomcat currently operates only on JKS, PKCS11 orPKCS12 format keystores. The JKS formatis Java's standard "Java KeyStore" format, and is the format created by thekeytool command-line utility. This tool is included in the JDK.The PKCS12 format is an internet standard, and can be manipulatedvia (among other things) OpenSSL and Microsoft's Key-Manager.
Each entry in a keystore is identified by an alias string. Whilst manykeystore implementations treat aliases in a case insensitive manner, casesensitive implementations are available. The PKCS11 specification,for example, requires that aliases are case sensitive. To avoid issues relatedto the case sensitivity of aliases, it is not recommended to use aliases thatdiffer only in case.
To import an existing certificate into a JKS keystore, please read thedocumentation (in your JDK documentation package) about keytool.Note that OpenSSL often adds readable comments before the key, butkeytool does not support that. So if your certificate hascomments before the key data, remove them before importing the certificate withkeytool.
This command will create a new file, in the home directory of the userunder which you run it, named ".keystore". To specify adifferent location or filename, add the -keystore parameter,followed by the complete pathname to your keystore file,to the keytool command shown above. You will also need toreflect this new location in the server.xml configuration file,as described later. For example:
After executing this command, you will first be prompted for the keystorepassword. The default password used by Tomcat is "changeit"(all lower case), although you can specify a custom password if you like.You will also need to specify the custom password in theserver.xml configuration file, as described later.
Next, you will be prompted for general information about this Certificate,such as company, contact name, and so on. This information will be displayedto users who attempt to access a secure page in your application, so makesure that the information provided here matches what they will expect.
Finally, you will be prompted for the key password, which is thepassword specifically for this Certificate (as opposed to any otherCertificates stored in the same keystore file). The keytool promptwill tell you that pressing the ENTER key automatically uses the same passwordfor the key as the keystore. You are free to use the same password or to selecta custom one. If you select a different password to the keystore password, youwill also need to specify the custom password in the server.xmlconfiguration file.
Tomcat can use two different implementations of SSL:
- the JSSE implementation provided as part of the Java runtime (since 1.4)
- the APR implementation, which uses the OpenSSL engine by default.
As configuration attributes for SSL support significantly differ betweenAPR vs. JSSE implementations, it is recommended toavoid auto-selection of implementation. It is done by specifying a classnamein the protocol attribute of the Connector.
If you are using APR, you have the option of configuring an alternative engine to OpenSSL.The default value isSo to use SSL under APR, make sure the SSLEngine attribute is set to something other than off.The default value is on and if you specify another value, it has to be a valid engine name.
SSLRandomSeed allows to specify a source of entropy. Productive system needs a reliable source of entropybut entropy may need a lot of time to be collected therefore test systems could use no blocking entropysources like "/dev/urandom" that will allow quicker starts of Tomcat.
The final step is to configure the Connector in the$CATALINA_BASE/conf/server.xml file, where$CATALINA_BASE represents the base directory for theTomcat instance. An example elementfor an SSL connector is included in the default server.xmlfile installed with Tomcat. To configure an SSL connector that uses JSSE, youwill need to remove the comments and edit it so it looks something likethis:
The configuration options and information on which attributesare mandatory, are documented in the SSL Support section of theHTTP connector configurationreference. Make sure that you use the correct attributes for the connector youare using. The BIO and NIO connectors use JSSE whereas the APR/native connectoruses APR.
The port attribute is the TCP/IPport number on which Tomcat will listen for secure connections. You canchange this to any port number you wish (such as to the default port forhttps communications, which is 443). However, special setup(outside the scope of this document) is necessary to run Tomcat on portnumbers lower than 1024 on many operating systems.
If you change the port number here, you should also change the value specified for the redirectPort attribute on the non-SSL connector. This allows Tomcat to automatically redirect users who attempt to access a page with a security constraint specifying that SSL is required, as required by the Servlet Specification.
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