Hi Matt,
yes, you can add additional FASTA and GTF at the mapping stage with
--genomeFastaFiles Extra.fasta --sjdbGTFfile Full.gtf
Extra.fasta has to include only the extra chromosomes, while Full.gtf should contain both old and extra annotations (i.e. concatenated file).
The genome will be updated on the fly and used for mapping. You can also save the new genome with --sjdbInsertSave All
Cheers
Alex