Skinuri Samp

[Kristeen Cheek]

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As one type of the fundamental wearable electronic devices, humidity sensors can detect the changes of humidity in the ambient environment or on the human skin surface. They operate in a noncontact sensing mode, which avoid the mechanical wear and cross infection usually occurring in their contact sensing counterparts. They have immense potential in diverse fields, ranging from healthcare monitoring, human-machine interface (HMI), sentiment analysis, sports, and safety production1,2,3,4. Previous humidity sensors are mainly prepared by coating the humidity-sensitive materials on the substrate of polymeric films5,6, e.g. polyimide (PI)7,8, polyethylene terephthalate (PET)9,10,11,12, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)13,14, with electrodes. Although these sensors exhibit excellent humidity susceptibility and reliability, the limited breathability of these substrates hinders the evaporation of human skin secretions through perspiration15,16,17, which tends to cause skin irritation and even allergy after long-term operation of the humidity sensor18. Additionally, the film with a large thickness (hundreds of micrometers) and its mechanical mismatch to the skin would cause the attachment failure at the interface, which deteriorates the fidelity of the measurement. Taking the PI for instance, the critical thickness for the conformal contact to the skin has been proved down to 25 μm19. A non-conformal contact may limit the available locations of the device to those relatively flat regions of the human body. Thus, the humidity detection can hardly be accomplished in the vicinity of the sites with sharp curvature, such as the finger and face.

The SAMP-based humidity sensor is composed of the AMP composite and the interdigital electrodes (IDEs) on an ultrathin SBS NFs substrate. According to Grotthuss mechanism4, surface water molecules can form conductive networks. The electrical paths between AMP composite and IDEs increased when AMP composite adsorbs water molecules, causing the decrease of resistance. Therefore, the humidity variation can be converted to the electricity change through this humidity sensor. The fabrication process of the SAMP-based humidity sensor is outlined in Fig. 2a. The SBS NFs serving as a porous substrate with desired flexibility and air permeability were prepared through electrospinning. The specific electrospinning parameters (e.g. solution concentration, voltage, distance, feed rate, and so on) are detailed in the experimental section. Figure 2b shows a top view of surface morphology of the as-electrospun SBS NFs substrate. The disordered SBS nanofibers with a diameter of hundreds of nanometers overlapping and twisting around each other to weave a mesh-like porous film.

In addition, the current curves of our humidity sensor were collected when the volunteer was in the state of normal, fear, pain, or wonder. As depicted in Fig. 4g and Supplementary Figure 15, from the breathing patterns between different emotions states, we can find that the human breaths shallowly in pain state, rapidly in fear state, deeply and slowly in wonder state, which is consistent with the results in previous works45,46. Furthermore, a support vector machines (SVM) algorithm was employed for accurate recognition of various breathing patterns (Fig. 4h). We directly employed raw current data in the time domain as the sample features. The length for each emotional state data is 355, implying that each sample has 355 features. Each feature represents one data point in the time series during breathing, encapsulating information related to breathing depth, rate, pause and the ratio of inspiratory time to expiratory time, among other factors. Details about experiments are shown in Methods. Based on the machine learning model, a high recognition accuracy of 86.7% can be achieved (Fig. 4i).

a The dynamic current response of sensor near the fingertip surface. b Diagram of the current value distribution of a 3 3 humidity sensor array. c The response current-time curves of the 8-5-2 sensing pixels of array in sequence. d Photograph and e circuit diagram of the wearable and non-contact HMI system to control a robot car. f Demonstration of HMI in controlling a robot car to transfer a medical kit.

Dopamine hydrochloride, Tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris), hydrofluoric acid (HF), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and Dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Ag NWs ethanol dispersion were purchased from Nanjing XFNANO Materials Tech Co., Ltd. MAX(Ti3AlC2) powder was purchased from 11 technology Co., Ltd. SBS particle was purchased from Alibaba Group Holding Limited. All the materials were used without further purification.

The humidity environment was controlled by a constant temperature/humidity chamber (GPS-3, ESPEC environmental equipment CO., LTD.). The electrical property of the sensor was measured by a digital source meter (2600, Keithley). The microscopic morphologies were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (S-4800, Hitachi) and ultra-depth three-dimensional microscope (VHX-5000, KEYENCE). The element of SAMP was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (250Xi, 0EscaLab) and X-Ray Diffraction (smartlab 9, Rigaku). The sheet resistance of Ag NWs was measured by 5601-Y sheet resistivity meter (Quatek Inc.).

Humidity sensors were applied to the skin on subnasal of volunteers for emotional mode recognition tests. Six human subjects were instructed to replicate each of four emotional states, including normal, pain, fear, and wonder, 30 times to ensure the reliability of the data set. The 720 samples in all were randomly divided into two groups at the ratio of 7:3 (training: 540 samples, testing: 180 samples) for emotional mode recognition in machine learning model.

The volunteers provided signed written informed consents to participate in the study. All experiments involving human subjects were conducted in compliance with the guidelines of Institutional Review Board. All procedures involving human were approved by the Science and Technology Ethics Committee of Shanghai University.

J.Z. and T.Z. conceived the project and designed the SAMP-based sensor. T.L. and T.Z. developed the fabrication process and wrote the manuscript. T.L. and H.Z. designed the interdigitated electrodes. L.Y. and C.C. aided in analysis of XRD and XPS. J.D., J.Z., and Longwei Xue conducted the air permeability test. H.L. and L.Y. aided with fabrication and test. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.

Malignant T lymphocyte proliferation in mycosis fungoides (MF) is largely restricted to the skin, implying that malignant cells are dependent on their specific cutaneous tumor microenvironment (TME), including interactions with non-malignant immune and stromal cells, cytokines, and other immunomodulatory factors. To explore these interactions, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of the TME in advanced-stage MF skin tumors by single-cell RNA sequencing. Our analysis identified cell-type compositions, cellular functions, and cell-to-cell interactions in the MF TME that were distinct from those from healthy skin and benign dermatoses. While patterns of gene expression were common among patient samples, high transcriptional diversity was also observed in immune and stromal cells, with dynamic interactions and crosstalk between these cells and malignant T lymphocytes. This heterogeneity mapped to processes such as cell trafficking, matrix interactions, angiogenesis, immune functions, and metabolism that affect cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion, as well as antitumor immunity. By comprehensively characterizing the transcriptomes of immune and stromal cells within the cutaneous microenvironment of individual MF tumors, we have identified patterns of dysfunction common to all tumors that represent a resource for identifying candidates with therapeutic potential as well as patient-specific heterogeneity that has important implications for personalized disease management.

FTIR spectroscopic imaging in ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) mode is a powerful tool for studying biomedical samples. This paper summarises recent advances in the applications of ATR-FTIR imaging to dissolution of pharmaceutical formulations and drug release. The use of two different ATR accessories to obtain chemical images of formulations in contact with water as a function of time is demonstrated. The innovative use of the diamond ATR accessory allowed in situ imaging of tablet compaction and dissolution. ATR-FTIR imaging was also applied to obtain images of the surface of skin and the spatial distribution of protein and lipid rich domains was obtained. Chemical images of cross-section of rabbit aorta were obtained using a diamond ATR accessory and the possibility of in situ imaging of arterial samples in contact with aqueous solution was demonstrated for the first time. This experiment opens an opportunity to image arterial samples in contact with solutions containing drug molecules. This approach may help in understanding the mechanisms of treatment of atherosclerosis.

N2 - FTIR spectroscopic imaging in ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) mode is a powerful tool for studying biomedical samples. This paper summarises recent advances in the applications of ATR-FTIR imaging to dissolution of pharmaceutical formulations and drug release. The use of two different ATR accessories to obtain chemical images of formulations in contact with water as a function of time is demonstrated. The innovative use of the diamond ATR accessory allowed in situ imaging of tablet compaction and dissolution. ATR-FTIR imaging was also applied to obtain images of the surface of skin and the spatial distribution of protein and lipid rich domains was obtained. Chemical images of cross-section of rabbit aorta were obtained using a diamond ATR accessory and the possibility of in situ imaging of arterial samples in contact with aqueous solution was demonstrated for the first time. This experiment opens an opportunity to image arterial samples in contact with solutions containing drug molecules. This approach may help in understanding the mechanisms of treatment of atherosclerosis.

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