Magnetic Field In Generator

[Sean Vaidhyanathan]

MagneticField GeneratorProject Part #7. Ship with the Space Elevator to complete phases of Project Assembly. These modular generators use superconducting magnets and vast amounts of electricity to produce an easily expandable and powerful magnetic field.Unlocked atTier 8 - Nuclear PowerBlueprint path/Game/FactoryGame/Resource/Parts/SpaceElevatorParts/Desc_SpaceElevatorPart_6.Default__Desc_SpaceElevatorPart_6_CItemStack size50 Sink value15 650Magnetic Field Generator is a component of Project Assembly. It is used to complete deliveries in the Space Elevator, which in return unlocks additional tiers in the HUB. As with all Project parts, it cannot be crafted in a Craft Bench and has to be automated with a machine.

Magnetic fields are present in a variety of different electrical environments including industrial, military, and medical. The ability of equipment to withstand the magnetic fields in the anticipated environment is important both from a product reliability and compliance perspective. Today, more than ever, RF transmitters and other wireless technologies are used, increasing the amount of potential sources.

With the prevalence of magnetic fields, it's necessary to evaluate the impact they have on electronic equipment. The goal of these tests is to document any deterioration of function, ensuring the equipment's design is robust enough to be unaffected by these events.

The equipment used in magnetic field testing will include an antenna, a signal source, as well as equipment used in the measurement/verification of the magnetic field level. The equipment will be determined by the underlying standard, test level, and method used.

The immunity tests and associated equipment that we'll be concerned with are largely commercial generic requirements. Many specific product requirements often reference these, as well as other generic product testing specifications.

The large amount of wireless technology and communication devices in homes, medical locations, and businesses creates new situations where equipment is exposed to RF energy. Many new technologies have antennas inside the device, leading to increased exposure. Both of these tests are designed to replicate these radiated disturbances, evaluating any impact it has on the operation of the equipment.

The two most common standards that tests for immunity to close proximity magnetic fields are IEC 61000-4-39 and IEC 60601-1-2. Of these standards IEC 61000-4-39 pertains to to commercial products, whereas IEC 60601-1-2 focuses on medical equipment (ME). Test levels and a comparison can be found below provided by Absolute EMC Article "IEC 60601-1-2 Ed. 4.1 New Requirement, Immunity to Proximity Magnetic Fields".

To conduct testing in accordance with either IEC 61000-4-39 or IEC 60601-1-2 a system will be needed to generate the necessary magnetic fields, as well as corresponding radiating loop antenna sets. The designs for these systems vary by manufacturer, however all include a signal generator, power amplifier, dual directional coupler, and power meters. It is also recommended to utilize software if available to streamline testing, or if selecting custom criteria.

A block diagram of the Teseq NSG 4070C2-LFCP can be seen on the right. This test system has a built in 100 watt amplifier from 9 kHz to 50 MHz as well as signal generators and power meters up to 1 GHz.

The other major component is the radiating loop antenna along with the corresponding accessories needed to conduct both the calibration/test leveling. These are typically sold as kits as with the Teseq LAS 6120 (9 kHz to 150 kHz) and Teseq LAS 6100 (150 kHz to 30 MHz) which include the required spacer and monitoring probes used for testing. Both kits can be seen in the associated image with the included accessories labeled.

It is necessary to run a test leveling/calibration prior to beginning testing. Below you will find the steps for both the leveling, as well as conducting testing for the LAS 6100 antenna for the entire frequency range of 150 kHz to 30 MHz.

Power frequency magnetic fields are commonly tested in accordance with IEC 61000-4-8 and focus on industrial and household environments as well as electrical substations. As the name implies, these magnetic fields are aligned with power-line frequencies typically either 50 Hz or 60 Hz. The required test equipment will depend on the equipment under test (EUT), test level, and duration of the test (continuous or short).

IEC 61000-4-8 testing is intended to demonstrate the immunity of equipment when subjected to power frequency magnetic fields related to the specific location and installation condition of the equipment (e.g. proximity of equipment to the disturbance source). The power frequency magnetic field is generated by power frequency current in conductors or, more seldom, from other devices (e.g. leakage of transformers) in the proximity of equipment.(1)

The associated test levels for both continuous and short duration requirements provided by RF EMC Development can be seen on the right. IEC 61000-4-8 doesn't define individual test levels for specific products, which can be found in generic or product specific standards.

To generate these fields in a testing environment an inductive coil antenna is used to propagate the field. There are three different categories of inductive coils used for testing, a standard 1 meter by 1 meter coil, 1 meter by 2.6 meter, and other inductive coils. The most common coils are typically 1 meter by 1 meter, however it is dependent on the equipment under test. The 1 meter by 1 meter and 1 meter by 2.6 meter antennas are standardized, not requiring a magnetic field calibration/verification but rather monitoring the current going through the coil.

To achieve the required levels needed for the antenna to reach specific test levels a current transformer or other device is able to generate the necessary current. The type of generator will typically vary by test level, with the higher current levels above roughly 120 A/m or 130 A/m requiring different equipment than the lower levels. In the past, some transient generators offered capabilities for low-level testing as well, however it's more typical now to see an external unit.

The most common of these generators are the EM Test MFG 40-100, EM Test MFT 100, as well as the Haefely MAG 1000 System. The image on the right is the circuit diagram from the MFG 40-100 that illustrates the concept behind the generator.

The associated video focuses on the EM Test solution for the short-duration power frequency magnetic field test test which has levels of up to 1000 A/m. This video includes information on the requirements of IEC 61000-4-8 as well as using the Ametek CTS MFC 1000.1 and MFT 100.

Both impulse and oscillatory magnetic field testing to IEC 61000-4-9 and IEC 61000-4-10 are conducted using a transient generator along with an appropriate coil. These magnetic field tests use transient waveforms as the underlying events that drive the associated magnetic fields via the coil. These magnetic field tests are not as common as power frequency magnetic fields, but depending on the application, they can be required.

Both of these requirements can be met using the same coil as well as a transient generator as a signal/waveform source. Depending on testing requirements, a certain level of waveform needs to be reached by the transient generator to meet the radiated requirements.

IEC 61000-4-9 testing is commonly accomplished by using the current output from a standard combination wave generator as the standard specifies an 8us by 20us waveshape. This immunity requirement is designed to replicate magnetic disturbances in industrial installations, power plants, railway installations, and substations.

Depending on the manufacturer, this capability will already be activated on the combination wave generator, or it could require an access code. Some older generators require an additional 18 uF capacitor, that is in series with the coil antenna. Many newer surge generators already have a built-in 18 uF capacitor.

Damped oscillatory magnetic fields are mainly related to the operation of high voltage bus-bar isolators. As with the impulse magnetic field test, a transient generator is used to provide the required waveform based on IEC 61000-4-10. This standard has the same waveform requirements as the slow pulses (100 kHz and 1 MHz) of IEC 61000-4-18 allowing for the same generator to be used for both tests.

The associated image illustrates a damped oscillatory waveform meeting the requirements of both IEC 61000-4-18 and IEC 610000-4-10. The setup for this test is very similar to that of IEC 61000-4-9 with current peak value, damping, and oscillation frequency verified.

RS101 is a military-based magnetic field requirement that covers 30 Hz to 100 kHz using either a radiating loop or alternatively a Helmholtz coil to generate the field. This standard is applied only to specific equipment including ground equipment near minesweeping or with mine detection capabilities as well as others in section 5.20.1. The only grouping present in Table 5 completely covered is Army aircraft. This standard is free to download from the DOD, which can be accessed by clicking here.

As with other magnetic field tests measurements are required during the calibration procedure. This is accomplished using a loop sensor with adjustments made for the antenna factor. There a three main manufacturer's that make radiating loops designed for RS101 testing, the Schwarzbeck FESP 5132, Solar 9230-1, and Com-Power Mil-Std Loop Antenna Set. A simplified list of required equipment for both the radiating loop and Helmholtz coil is shown below.

The loop sensor is used to measure the field from the loop or coil during the calibration procedure. During the calibration, both a current probe and measurement receivers are used following figure RS101-3, which an example is shown using Com-Power equipment. Verification data of the calibration of the radiating loop will be saved for the report later.

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