Jetting V3

[Awilda]

SoI took some time to identify needles that might be remotely relevant to my application (TM KZ-R1), and mapped their characteristics in an Excel file by graphing fuel flow area (within the atomizer) vs. throttle opening percentage. Below is an image of some of the needle combinations mentioned in recent threads by @Andy_DiGiusto, @Lborka, @ohasha, and others.

I accounted for tube length on the DP268, and only mapped it for the K98 and K23. DP268 was the only one from the DP series that I mapped, as DQ seems to be used more frequently. For those I did DQ265-DQ268.

Going back to the modelling, check the answer on the K8 jetting, seems to be a regulation-driven setup rather than a performance-oriented one, but in general with smaller tube you try to have a thinner needle to maintain the same effective area at wider opening, but a different transition in-between.

@Muskabeatz would you be able to run another few setups into your graph? These were created in NT project (300 euro software for carb setup) a few years ago by a mate which had bought it. Then we could get some comparisons of benefits or lack there of between software, default setup and builder setups.

Evan, here you go. Hope the model makes sense. If it works, you can incorporate logics into your spreadsheet as it looks much better. Inputs in second tab, yellow cells. Calculations are in second tab below, see excel. If somebody here has some time to spare, it can be replicated to compare lots of different combinations

I think those softwares pretty much convert this surface area calculation into an A/F ratio based on fuel/air density and velocity. Throw in a couple of base settings and few adjustment logics based on input parameters and you have the inner workings of them figured out.

The PICO Plse jet valve delivers faster, more precise jetting over any surface, including uneven and hard-to-reach surfaces. It dispenses with less turbulence for greater fluid deposit consistency, placement, and process control.

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Recreating complex structures and functions of natural organisms in a synthetic form is a long-standing goal for humanity1. The aim is to create actuated systems with high spatial resolutions and complex material arrangements that range from elastic to rigid. Traditional manufacturing processes struggle to fabricate such complex systems2. It remains an open challenge to fabricate functional systems automatically and quickly with a wide range of elastic properties, resolutions, and integrated actuation and sensing channels2,3. We propose an inkjet deposition process called vision-controlled jetting that can create complex systems and robots. Hereby, a scanning system captures the three-dimensional print geometry and enables a digital feedback loop, which eliminates the need for mechanical planarizers. This contactless process allows us to use continuously curing chemistries and, therefore, print a broader range of material families and elastic moduli. The advances in material properties are characterized by standardized tests comparing our printed materials to the state-of-the-art. We directly fabricated a wide range of complex high-resolution composite systems and robots: tendon-driven hands, pneumatically actuated walking manipulators, pumps that mimic a heart and metamaterial structures. Our approach provides an automated, scalable, high-throughput process to manufacture high-resolution, functional multimaterial systems.

Traditional 3D inkjet printing uses thousands of individually addressable nozzles to deposit low-viscosity resins that are mechanically planarized and ultraviolet (UV) cured26. For a comparable resolution, inkjet deposition leads to orders-of-magnitude faster layer-by-layer printing than other line-by-line printing methods (for example, DIW or fused filament fabrication). Traditional 3D inkjet prints multimaterial bellows that can be assembled to suction grippers27, intersperses inks to create discrete changes in material stiffness28, turns soft and rigid acrylates into thin layers of shape memory polymers29 and jets also non-curing inks to create hydraulic systems30,31.

Without access to soft polymers with low hysteresis, it is not possible to reproduce complex functional materials and structures with desirable properties. Printing hybrid soft-rigid systems necessitates functional polymers that can crosslink in a controlled manner to minimize viscoelasticity while achieving a wide range of stiffnesses. Complex functional systems also require cavities and channels of fine resolution across large build volumes despite a high print throughput. These desirable material chemistries and structural features can be realized if we employ a non-contact planarization strategy and allow for easily removable support materials (such as wax) (Extended Data Fig. 2).

The pumping cycle of the bioinspired pump is controlled by the inflow and outflow of air into the actuation chamber. The cyclic change of the actuation chamber pressure repeatedly deforms the actuation membrane, which in turn leads to the intended flow of liquid (Fig. 5c). The mechanism design of the multimaterial valves was inspired by nature and further optimized in its arrangement of soft and rigid materials and feature dimensions. The different steps in the multimaterial valve optimization process (Fig. 5d) were made possible due to the fast prototyping ability of the multimaterial 3D printer.

We anticipate that VCJ will open new possibilities to quickly and repeatably create complex objects or machines that were previously impossible to produce. Our freeform fabrication technology widens the design space that is available to engineers and scientists so that we may rapidly create hybrid soft-rigid structures, systems and robots at the millimetre to decimetre scale. Our rapid and versatile manufacturing technology will create new opportunities for scientific investigations, experimental design, complex prototyping and industrial innovation.

The results of this work were created with our contactless manufacturing system, which allows for a high print throughput independent of the structure that is to be printed. Our method allows us to place voxels of materials in freeform. The support material can be melted and washed away easily to allow for the creation of functional channels, cavities and hollow structures. In the following section, we describe the Vision-Controlled Jetting method and the evaluation methods that we used on our printed structures, systems and robots.

The examples presented in this work were all 3D printed using a multimaterial additive manufacturing platform that utilized a vision-controlled jetting technology (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Videos 2 and 3). The platform has a scanning system, jetting system and positioning system that can now employ suitable material technologies, produce accurate print results and scale up in terms of size and throughput. The platform is composed of six subsystems described in detail in the following:

The generated layer command is sent to the drive electronics of the print head. The drive electronics deposit the materials into their desired positions while the motion control system moves the build plate underneath the print hardware. This process is repeated as the parts are built up layer-by-layer until the build has been completed.

Many parts can be placed on a single build plate due to the high packing density of the print process (for example, hundreds of parts in Extended Data Fig. 2). In contrast, powder-based print processes pose thermal constraints that do not allow parts to be placed close to each other. While powder-based systems typically only pack about 15% to 20% (ref. 55), VCJ, as a form of inkjet material deposition, can accommodate packing densities above 40%.

In contrast to processes that require a planarizer, the contactless VCJ process enables printing of chemistries that continue to cure after the discontinuation of irradiation. This includes thiol-ene and epoxy chemistries.

The thiol-ene step-growth polymerization utilized in this work consists of an ABAB system alternating between poly-thiols and poly-enes. This polymerization approach results in a highly regular polymer chain structure, which combined with the high molecular weight, achieved through careful formulation, results in a highly elastic polymer. The high elasticity of the polymer can be seen in the large change of storage modulus before and after the glass transition temperature Tg in the DMA (Extended Data Fig. 4).

The printed robotic hand resembles a human hand with bones whose shapes have been extracted from open-source magnetic resonance imaging data37. The joints connecting the bones are modelled to resemble the human anatomy. The printed tendons are attached to the bones in locations approximating the anatomically correct insertion areas of the muscles. Rigid guides are modelled as extrusion from the bone to guide the tendons to ensure the forces are delivered to the attachment point. Each printed tendon is connected to a servo motor (DYNAMIXEL XL430-W250-T, ROBOTIS Co. Ltd.). One end of multifilament fishing line is knotted to the end of the printed tendon and the other end of the fishing line is spooled onto a reel of the servo motor.

Going beyond the limited properties of a single material in bulk, metamaterials can be freeform constructed from multiple materials to provide features not found in a homogeneous material block. We can adjust by design the stress-strain curve of a material using a truss-based configuration. The links of the truss are made of soft materials and the nodes of the truss are additionally reinforced with rigid, spherical elements. This configuration allows for more distinct changes in material stiffness beyond a given level of strain.

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