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Aug 3, 2024, 5:00:21 PM8/3/24
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On June 24, 1948, the Cold War began in the war-torn, divided city of Berlin. The Soviets, who controlled all of East Germany and the eastern half of Berlin, blocked all access to the American and British-controlled West Berlin, choking commerce and starving the people. The Soviet goal was to expel the Allied forces, who had long been a thorn in Stalin's side. But Western forces refused to abandon the city. President Harry Truman proclaimed, "We stay in Berlin. Period." To do so would mean attempting the impossible: supplying two million civilians and twenty thousand Allied soldiers with food and fuel -- entirely from the air.

American Experience presents The Berlin Airlift from filmmakers Peter Adler, Alexander Berkel, and Stefan Mausbach. This one-hour documentary offers a striking look at the first battle of the Cold War. Featuring interviews with pilots who flew the mission as well as civilians who were supplied by the airlift, the film combines historical and contemporary footage to tell a story of courage and humanity set against the backdrop of the early days of the Cold War.

Previously, the roar of American and British planes overhead heralded death and destruction to the people of Berlin. Now, Allied troops were seen as angels of mercy, delivering powdered eggs and milk, flour, coffee, and coal to the beleaguered city -- more than four thousand tons of life-saving supplies daily. The operation was masterminded by U.S. General William Turner, who during World War II had developed a daring scheme to supply anti-Communist forces in China.

One of the heroes of the airlift, U.S. pilot Gail Halverson, dropped thousands of tons of chocolate and sweets into the thankful hands of German children, earning himself the title of Candy Bomber. Acts of bravery came from both sides. After his plane crashed, U.S. Army pilot Ken Slaker was taken in by German soldier Rudolph Schnabel and his wife, Magdalena. Slaker later returned the favor by helping the couple escape to the west. The airlift also brought people together in unexpected ways. Sam Young of the US Army met his future wife, Berliner Sybille Griese in that chaotic time. "It was a nice time, but it was also an uncertain time," says Griese in the film. "Sam could have gone back to America at any time."

After eleven months, the success of the mission was a continuing embarrassment to the Soviets and an overwhelming triumph for the Allied forces. President Truman, elected for a second term, emerged as the strong man of the Cold War. All told, the airlift delivered 1.7 million tons of essential food and fuel to the people of West Berlin.

"What could have been the start of World War III turned out to be one of history's greatest acts of kindness," says American Experience executive producer Mark Samels. "And while Berlin remained divided for four decades, the airlift remains an uplifting chapter in the city's tumultuous past."

Now, the alliance that had won the war was breaking down. The Soviets were increasingly obstructing movement through their zone and wanted to check every passenger. Allied military officials objected to the Soviet restrictions. They ordered the train return to Berlin.

Now Berlin was in limbo. The four powers could not agree what to do with it. The Western allies wanted to revive the German economy and get business going. The Soviets wanted communist planning throughout their zone. The economic stalemate created a black market for goods. Security concerns along the border between East and West Berlin increased. Sam Young was part of an American military unit charged with policing the city.

Sam Young, U.S. Army: You saw nothing but destruction. Wherever you looked, all around. It was terrible. And for an 18 year old kid that was really apprehensive. You know, I have never seen anything like that before.

Sybille Griese, Berliner (subtitles): It was hard to get a room. There was a lot of destruction. It really looked very sad. But not as sad as my home town. For me, Berlin was the big city. Everything I saw was new.

Mercedes Wild, Berliner (subtitles): The best thing was the biscuit soup the Americans gave us. You had a little food container. Maybe it had a lid, maybe it didn't. You filled it with food and you took it home for your family. Sometimes it was the only hot meal of the day.

Narrator: But the city could not be kept on a breadline forever. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin wanted full control of his half of Germany. The presence of the Western allies in Berlin was a thorn in his side. Along with the Soviet Union, the three Western powers governed Berlin through a joint council called the Allied Kommandantura. As long as the Western powers were in the city, it was difficult for the Soviets to create a communist economy in their zone. And they were convinced the Western Allies were plotting to push them out of Berlin.

On June 16, 1948, the Soviets pulled out of the Kommandantura. Just days later the Allies issued a new currency for Western Germany -- the Deutschmark. Then, the Soviets announced that they would do the same for their zone -- and throughout Berlin.

But the Allies had already smuggled two hundred and fifty million Deutschmarks into the city. The Soviets prepared a counter move. On June 23 Soviet forces in Berlin sent a secret order to cut the city off from the West. The next day highways and railway lines were closed. No coal, no food could get through to the city.

Mercedes Wild: My mother was very upset. She said: now we'll have nothing to eat. We've been blockaded. I didn't know what 'blockade' meant. But they used that word, right from the start. And I'll never forget my grandmother's words:'Just as long as we don't end up Russian.'

Narrator: There were twenty thousand American, British and French troops in Berlin. It was enough to police the Allied sectors, but totally inadequate to defend them in the event of a Soviet attack. In the U.S. President Harry Truman was in the midst of an election campaign he was expected to lose. Truman issued a forceful response to the Soviet blockade.

Narrator: Then Truman's advisors gave him sobering news. Berlin had just 36 days worth of food and 45 days worth of coal. The president could not defend the city. But to withdraw would be disastrous for America's image -- and for his own hopes of re-election.

Truman's military governor in Germany, General Lucius Clay, suggested the U.S. call Stalin's bluff. Clay proposed sending armed troops along the road to Berlin. Truman knew this might spark a war neither side could afford. Yet, he decided not to abandon the city. "We stay in Berlin," he declared. "Period."

Truman considered another option: flying supplies into the Western sectors of Berlin. If the Soviets wanted to stop Allied planes they would have to shoot them down. And that put the pressure on the Russians.

But no one knew if it was even possible to supply two million people with food and fuel by air. American officials turned to their British allies for answers. Britain had endured nearly ten years of rationing during the War.

According to the British calculations, it would take seventeen hundred calories a day per person. That meant fifteen hundred tons of food, plus another twenty-five hundred tons of coal and gasoline -- a total of four thousand tons per day.

The Allies' C-47 plane was capable of carrying just three tons. Many doubted an airlift would work. Nevertheless, the Berlin Airlift began on June 26, 1948. The first flights were reported live to the city by RIAS, Radio in the American sector.

Narrator: Berliners came out by the thousands to watch flying boats land on the city's lakes. The planes carried salt. No other aircraft could transport the precious cargo because it would corrode their fuselage.

Even though Berlin's elected mayor, Ernst Reuter, was a former Communist, the Soviets had kept him from taking office. Now, Reuter called a rally to reassure bewildered citizens and boost their morale.

Ernst Reuter (archival, subtitles): Berlin will not be next on the Soviet list! We'll used every means at our disposal to resist the forces of oppression who want to make us slaves of a single party system!

Robert Lochner, Interpreter (subtitles): He explained to Reuter the hardships for the population and said he couldn't guarantee it was even possible. No one had ever tried to supply a city by air. Would the Berliners stick it out, so soon after the War? And Reuter simply answered: 'You take care of the airlift, I'll take care of the Berliners.'

Gail Halvorsen, U.S. Air Force: So I had a four-door, brand new Chevrolet car. This was just before the Airlift started. This was in early '48. So then I was doing big-time. I called a girl for a date. I'd take her in the car. She said 'Wow, this is pretty neat. New car. Very few new cars then. That was the car when I got the telephone call about the Airlift, I didn't have time to do anything with it. I just drove it under the pine trees on the air base at Brookley, took the keys, and left the car there. I never saw it again.

Gail Halvorsen, U.S. Air Force: My feelings for the Germans were not very good. I mean, Hitler started this thing, he caused all this chaos, he caused one of my buddies to get shot down, I don't know where he is yet.They never did find his body. So I didn't have good feelings about the Germans.

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