Importance: Evidence describing the incidence of severe COVID-19 illness following vaccination and booster with BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines is needed, particularly for high-risk populations.
Design, setting, and participants: Retrospective cohort study of adults receiving care at Veterans Health Administration facilities across the US who received a vaccination series plus 1 booster against SARS-CoV-2, conducted from July 1, 2021, to May 30, 2022. Patients were eligible if they had received a primary care visit in the prior 2 years and had documented receipt of all US Food and Drug Administration-authorized doses of the initial mRNA vaccine or viral vector vaccination series after December 11, 2020, and a subsequent documented booster dose between July 1, 2021, and April 29, 2022. The analytic cohort consisted of 1 610 719 participants.
Main outcomes and measures: Outcomes were breakthrough COVID-19 (symptomatic infection), hospitalization with COVID-19 pneumonia and/or death, and hospitalization with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and/or death. A subgroup analysis of nonoverlapping populations included those aged 65 years or older, those with high-risk comorbid conditions, and those with immunocompromising conditions.
Results: Of 1 610 719 participants, 1 100 280 (68.4%) were aged 65 years or older and 132 243 (8.2%) were female; 1 133 785 (70.4%) had high-risk comorbid conditions, 155 995 (9.6%) had immunocompromising conditions, and 1 467 879 (91.1%) received the same type of mRNA vaccine (initial series and booster). Over 24 weeks, 125.0 (95% CI, 123.3-126.8) per 10 000 persons had breakthrough COVID-19, 8.9 (95% CI, 8.5-9.4) per 10 000 persons were hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia or died, and 3.4 (95% CI, 3.1-3.7) per 10 000 persons were hospitalized with severe pneumonia or died. For high-risk populations, incidence of hospitalization with COVID-19 pneumonia or death was as follows: aged 65 years or older, 1.9 (95% CI, 1.4-2.6) per 10 000 persons; high-risk comorbid conditions, 6.7 (95% CI, 6.2-7.2) per 10 000 persons; and immunocompromising conditions, 39.6 (95% CI, 36.6-42.9) per 10 000 persons. Subgroup analyses of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia or death by time after booster demonstrated similar incidence estimates among those aged 65 years or older and with high-risk comorbid conditions but not among those with immunocompromising conditions.
Conclusions and relevance: In a US cohort of patients receiving care at Veterans Health Administration facilities during a period of Delta and Omicron variant predominance, there was a low incidence of hospitalization with COVID-19 pneumonia or death following vaccination and booster with any of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or Ad26.COV2.S vaccines.
Low voltage: Low voltage can also be a cause. This is because with inductive loads, the lower the voltage, the higher the amp draw to compensate. For example, your AC unit that is usually only 12 amps now requires 16 amps at a lower voltage. Amps are the flow or volume of electrons going through the wires. So if you increase your amps to compensate for low voltage, the wire will heat up. Again, heat is resistive to the flow of electrons, so it causes higher resistance that requires more amps and so on.
We'll soon be updating this guide again, with the Diono Monterey 2XT Latch added as an Also Great pick. We previously recommended the older model of this car seat, the Diono Monterey XT, which was discontinued. We think the Diono Monterey 2XT Latch is an excellent choice for bigger kids.
For the 2022 update of this guide, I spoke with Kerry Chausmer, program and member services director for the Governors Highway Safety Association (GHSA); Jessica Jermakian, PhD, vice president for vehicle research at the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), a nonprofit organization dedicated to automotive safety; and Alisa Baer, MD, a pediatrician and co-founder of car seat safety website The Car Seat Lady. (Note: The Car Seat Lady website uses affiliate links, but it does not receive any compensation directly from car seat manufacturers.)
Although the regulations for when a child is eligible to ride in a booster can vary from state to state (and seat to seat), typically the minimum height requirement is around 38 inches and the minimum weight requirement is around 40 pounds.
I tried out each booster seat with two of my children (ages 8 and 6). I unboxed, assembled (when applicable), and installed and uninstalled each seat. Over the course of six months, my kids took turns sitting in the seats in different cars (a crossover SUV and a minivan) and in different moods (from cooperative to cranky) while I took down the feedback on their likes, dislikes, and preferences. I formed my own opinions on the pros and cons of every seat, including install, fit, aesthetics, and ease of use.
We also asked three other families to try out the booster seats; each family (with kids ranging in age from 4 to 9 years old) tried four to five seats. They responded to detailed questionnaires about what it was like to install and move the seats into various cars, the buckling-in process, whether their kids were able to get a proper seat belt fit once buckled in, the overall look and feel of the seats, and how easy the LATCH system was to use (if applicable).
Since kids in boosters are often able to clearly articulate their opinions, their feedback was extremely valuable; we were curious to get their thoughts on everything from cup holders to cushions to armrests. The kids also reported on how well they were able to see out the window and whether they were able to get and stay buckled in comfortably.
For the seats that convert from high-back to backless, we asked families what they thought of that process. Were the pieces easy to separate, but not so easy that they fell apart each time the seat was moved? Finally, we inquired about cleanup, encouraging families to make a mess and then deal with the aftermath (we had one instance of car sickness and many more instances of cracker crumbs and grape juice spills).
For the first version of this guide, published in 2018, we elected to do independent crash testing on the booster seats that we considered as our top contenders. We hired Calspan, a highly regarded lab in Buffalo, New York, to perform the tests. The results were factored into our final recommendations, which included earlier models of the Chicco and Graco high-back seats that we are recommending again now.
The KidFit ClearTex Plus has nicer fabric than its predecessor. It feels smooth and substantial to the touch. And it has a Greenguard Gold Certification, which promises low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); the textiles used to make the seat are manufactured without any added chemicals.
In terms of cleaning, the fabric was easy to wipe down. At one point, I took the booster out of the car and shook it; the crumbs came off of the fabric easily enough. For a more-thorough wash, the entire cover can be removed; to do this, you partly disassemble the seat and peel off the fabric elements, as detailed in this step-by-step video from Chicco. The instruction manual calls for the cover to be machine-washed in cold water on the delicate cycle, using mild detergent, and then air-dried. It can take a few tries to master putting the cover back on. But once you get the hang of it, it should take only a few minutes.
If aesthetics are a top priority: The Nuna Aace is a beautiful, expensive high-back booster seat. The Aace has rigid LATCH connectors, which are the easiest and most secure type of LATCH connectors, and they allow the seat to have a recline feature. The Aace comes with one cup holder, which is not permanently attached to the side of the seat and falls off easily. This seat converts from high-back to backless mode. It did not seem to offer any added functionality compared with models that cost less than half as much. But if aesthetics are your main concern, the Aace might be worth the splurge. This seat has a Best Bet rating from the IIHS for its ability to provide a proper seat belt fit.
If you want a backless version of our runner-up Graco pick without LATCH: The Graco TurboBooster Backless is the backless-only version of our runner-up Graco high-back booster, minus the LATCH option. The TurboBooster Backless weighs just over 5 pounds and has two cup holders; it has a Best Bet rating from the IIHS for its ability to provide a proper seat belt fit.
If you want a cheap, light, zero-frills backless booster without LATCH: The Cosco Rise is less than $20 (but it can go on sale for as low as $12). This is an excellent small backless booster to keep in the trunk of your car for impromptu carpooling. It weighs just 2.2 pounds and does not have cup holders. And it comes with a Best Bet rating from the IIHS for its ability to provide a proper seat belt fit.
If you want an extra-wide backless booster with LATCH: The Diono Solana 2 XL is a high-end wide booster (20.1 inches across) that could work well for kids who want or need more space. Just be sure that your vehicle seat is large enough to accommodate its footprint, with ample room on the side to easily access the buckle. This seat has a hook-style LATCH mechanism; the hooks are positioned upside down and can be difficult to maneuver, making the seat harder to install and take out. It has a Best Bet rating from the IIHS for its ability to provide a proper seat belt fit.
If you have children of booster-seat age and are looking for a seat particularly for travel, we recommend using one of the inexpensive and lightweight backless boosters featured in this guide, such as the Cosco Rise, which we also recommend in our guide to the best travel car seats.
However, in February 2022, the IIHS raised concerns about the safety of inflatable boosters; a study using a computerized model determined that an inflatable booster may not have the stiffness required to keep a child from sliding out from under the lap belt upon impact. Until more research and information is available, we are no longer recommending the BubbleBum.
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