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Takeshi Krueger

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Jul 12, 2024, 8:17:00 AM7/12/24
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All of our branded clothing is available to order in a wider range of colours and can be customised with either your own personal name and/or your car name or registration in any colour of thread at no extra cost.

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Rough Luck Racing clothing is produced with the help of the Northumbria MG Club via Anne Thomas Workwear in Whitley Bay. Postage for each item is charged at 3.00, all orders can take up to 21 days delivery as they are bespoke items.

All of our branded clothing is available to order in a wider range of colours and can be customised with either your own personal name and/or your car name or registration in any colour of thread at no extra cost.

Please email any custom orders to ord...@roughluckracing.com with your requirements and we will contact you.

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Sir Arnold Lunn, a Brit who many consider the father of alpine ski racing, traveled to Mrren to promote the new sport of alpine ski racing, and in 1924 founded a Brit-heavy group called the Kandahar Ski Club. In 1928, he and 16 other plucky skiers climbed four hours to the top of the 9,744-foot Schilthorn to race down to Lauterbrunnen in the valley below, about 19 minutes from Mrren by train. The skiers called their race the Inferno in honor of the hellish course and grueling conditions.

Still, I shuddered. I knew that Caston, Jones, and McLeod, all former racers, had a shot at doing well. Caston could probably even win the thing. All I wanted was to finish without doing serious damage to my freezing limbs. It was generous of them to let me be part of their team, given that I was missing two crucial prerequisites for a ski race: racing skis and a proper race suit. I arrived in the Bernese Alps with my boots and a pair of carving skis, largely unprepared for what was coming.

The course is starting to fill up, with racers on top of other racers. We hurtle down the mountain on the final leg, hearts thumping as we try to recover from the uphill. The wind whips our faces, stinging our cheeks and keeping us alert at every turn. The world seems to blur into a chaotic smear of white and blue, the towering pine trees that line the course mere streaks in our peripheral vision. The adrenaline rush dulls the edges of consciousness, leaving only a laser-like focus tuned to our skis.

The speed is both intoxicating and unnerving. A soundtrack of scraping edges and the muffled hiss of skis against snow accompanies our descent. The fear that gripped us at the start line transforms into a thrilling blend of determination and euphoria as we barrel toward the finish line: Hey, we might survive this.

As the end draws near, the course seems to stretch and contort, testing my quads. With a burst of energy, I lean into the last turn, feeling the centrifugal force tugging at my body as the finish comes into view. Time regains its flow, and the world snaps back into focus as I cross the line, skis scraping to a halt in a cloud of snow, my heart still racing.

For too long, web race condition attacks have focused on a tiny handful of scenarios. Their true potential has been masked thanks to tricky workflows, missing tooling, and simple network jitter hiding all but the most trivial, obvious examples.

In this paper, I'll introduce new classes of race condition that go far beyond the limit-overrun exploits you're probably already familiar with. With these I'll exploit both multiple high-profile websites and Devise, a popular authentication framework for Rails.

I'll also introduce the single-packet attack; a jitter-dodging strategy that can squeeze 30 requests sent from Melbourne to Dublin into a sub-1ms execution window. This paper is accompanied by a full complement of free online labs, so you'll be able to try out your new skill set immediately.

Most websites handle concurrent requests using multiple threads, all reading and writing from a single, shared database. Application code is rarely crafted with concurrency risks in mind and as a result, race conditions plague the web. Exploits are typically limit-overrun attacks - they use synchronized requests to overcome some kind of limit, for example:

The underlying cause of these is also similar - they all exploit the time-gap between the security check and the protected action. For example, two threads may simultaneously query a database and confirm that the TOP10 discount code hasn't been applied to the cart, then both attempt to apply the discount, resulting in it being applied twice. You'll often find these referred to as 'time of check, time of use' (TOCTOU) flaws for this reason.

Please note that race-conditions are not limited to a specific web-app architecture. It's easiest to reason about a multi-threaded single-database application, but more complex setups typically end up with state stored in even more places, and ORMs just hide the dangers under layers of abstraction. Single-threaded systems like NodeJS are slightly less exposed, but can still end up vulnerable.

I used to think race conditions were a well-understood problem. I had discovered and exploited plenty, implemented the 'last-byte sync' technique in Turbo Intruder, and used that to exploit various targets including Google reCAPTCHA. Over time, Turbo Intruder has become the de-facto tool for hunting web race conditions.

However, there was one thing I didn't understand. A blog post from 2016 by Josip Franjković detailed four vulnerabilities, and while three of them made perfect sense to me, one didn't. In the post, Josip explained how he "somehow succeeded to confirm a random email address" by accident, and neither he nor Facebook's security team were able to identify the cause until two months later. The bug? Changing your Facebook email address to two different addresses simultaneously could trigger an email containing two distinct confirmation codes, one for each address:

The true potential of race conditions can be summed up in a single sentence. Every pentester knows that multi-step sequences are a hotbed for vulnerabilities, but with race conditions, everything is multi-step.

To illustrate this, let's plot the state machine for a serious vulnerability that I discovered by accident a while back. When a user logged in, they were presented with a 'role selection' page containing a range of buttons that would assign a role, and redirect to a specific application. The request flow looked something like:

However, this state machine had a mistake. I had incorrectly assumed that the GET /role request didn't change the application state. In actual fact, the application was initialising every session with administrator privileges, then overwriting them as soon as the browser fetched the role selection page. Here's an accurate state machine:

I only discovered this through extreme luck, and it took me hours of retrospective log digging to figure out the cause. This vulnerability pattern is frankly a weird one, but we can learn something valuable from the near-miss.

My primary mistake was the assumption that the GET request wouldn't change the application state. However, there's a second assumption that's even more common - that "requests are atomic". If we ditch this assumption too, we realize this pattern could occur in the span of a single login request:

This scenario captures the essence of 'with race conditions, everything is multi-step'. Every HTTP request may transition an application through multiple fleeting, hidden states, which I'll refer to as 'sub-states'. If you time it right, you can abuse these sub-states for unintended transitions, break business logic, and achieve high-impact exploits. Let's get started.

A sub-state is a short-lived state that an application transitions through while processing a single request, and exits before the request completes. Sub-states are only occupied for a brief time window - often around 1ms (0.001s). I'll refer to this time window as the 'race window'.

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