Gamma Amps G50

[Sanna Pospicil]

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The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) cascade plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis within the cell. AMPK is a heterotrimer composed of a catalytic subunit (alpha) and two regulatory subunits (beta and gamma). We have isolated and characterized two isoforms of the gamma subunit, termed gamma2 and gamma3. Both gamma2 (569 amino acids) and gamma3 (492 amino acids) have a long N-terminal domain which is not present in the previously characterized isoform, gamma1. As with gamma1, mRNA encoding gamma2 is widely expressed in human tissues, whereas significant expression of gamma3 mRNA was only detected in skeletal muscle. Using isoform-specific antibodies, we determined the AMPK activity associated with the different gamma isoforms in a number of rat tissues. In most tissues examined more than 80% of total AMPK activity was associated with the gamma1 isoform, with the remaining activity being accounted for mainly by the gamma2 isoform. Exceptions to this were testis and, more notably, brain where all three isoforms contributed approximately equally to activity. There was no evidence for any selective association between the alpha1 and alpha2isoforms and the various gamma isoforms. However, the AMP-dependence of the kinase complex is markedly affected by the identity of the gamma isoform present, with gamma2-containing complexes having the greatest AMP-dependence, gamma3 the lowest, and gamma1 having an intermediate effect. Labelling studies, using the reactive AMP analogue 8-azido-[(32)P]AMP, indicate that the gamma subunit may participate directly in the binding of AMP within the complex.

Rated at 25 watts and 50 watts, respectively, the all-analog Gamma G25 and G50 both feature twin channels for an expanded range of available tone (toggled via an optional footswitch or a button located on the front panel.)

Weighing in at around 18 lbs, the Gamma G25 is some 7 lbs lighter than the G50 and measures a little under 3 inches less in width. This is due to its smaller 1x10-inch speaker configuration vis--vis the 1x12-inch layout of its beefier counterpart.

Aside from a regular input jack, the front panel of the new Gamma amps also houses a convenient line-level auxiliary input for hooking up external equipment. A headphone output has also been included.

Rod Brakes is a music journalist with an expertise in guitars. Having spent many years at the coalface as a guitar dealer and tech, Rod's more recent work as a writer covering artists, industry pros and gear includes contributions for leading publications and websites such as Guitarist, Total Guitar, Guitar World, Guitar Player and MusicRadar in addition to specialist music books, blogs and social media. He is also a lifelong musician."}), " -0-10/js/authorBio.js"); } else console.error('%c FTE ','background: #9306F9; color: #ffffff','no lazy slice hydration function available'); Rod BrakesSocial Links NavigationRod Brakes is a music journalist with an expertise in guitars. Having spent many years at the coalface as a guitar dealer and tech, Rod's more recent work as a writer covering artists, industry pros and gear includes contributions for leading publications and websites such as Guitarist, Total Guitar, Guitar World, Guitar Player and MusicRadar in addition to specialist music books, blogs and social media. He is also a lifelong musician.

I've been working on a project recently, where I need to build a device which detects gamma radiation and can be used for gamma spectroscopy. I've done some research and found many interesting ways of achieving that but at the end I chose to go with X100-7 PIN Photodiode.

I'm more of a software guy, without much expertise in electronics so as a first step, I've decided to build&test a prototype of the measurement circuit. I've copied 95% of the design proposed by the diode's manufacturer - it can be found here (last page) and my design looks like that:

So, as you can see on the picture, I'm connecting the diode to J3. I'm powering the whole board with 15V from my regulated power supply - Zhaoxin RXN-1505D. The Jumper J4 is only there to be able to disconnect the second stage amplifier and easily measure the output of the first stage. Normally it stays closed.

So at the moment, all I'm getting on the output is a rectangular wave with Vmax equal to the voltage I'm powering the circuit with. What's more funny, the output stays the same even when there is no diode connected to the circuit.

I guess this behavior has something to do with noise - that's why I haven't made this prototype on a solderless breadboard but on a homemade PCB. I know it looks like a mess but my soldering skills aren't something I'm proud of and my hands tend to get shaky sometimes.

The CLEAN channel is a channel is unlike no other in any high-gain amp. Whilst most high-gain amps can deliver a brutal high-gain tone, flicking to the clean channel leaves most metalheads disappointed. Not with the Megalith Gamma! All the top-end is retained, along with the signature fat bottom end to produce a sweet, full clean tone that most amps are envious of!

The DRIVE channel has three gain modes, and has more gain on tap than most metal amps in the market. Tuning of the brutal gain tone is done via the three-band EQ, EQ SHIFT switch (selectable mid-frequency peak) and the ever powerful CONTOUR control. The CONTOUR (affecting only the overdrive channel on the Gamma) can go from fat, loose and vintage to tight, scooped and modern with a sweep of the dial! Shared EQ provides functional simplicity and a consistency in tone across both channels.

Place your favourite effects into the active, footswitchable FX LOOP with SEND and RETURN levels allowing for any effects unit or pedalboard to perfectly meld with the molten fury of the high-gain channel or the full-bodied clean channel. This pint-sized pugilist is designed to pack one hell of a punch!

The HCMV UL98 early alkaline exonuclease gene promoter was examined to determine the DNA sequences as well as viral and/or cellular proteins functional in the regulation of this early gene. To assess promoter activation, UL98 promoter sequences were first cloned upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene and cotransfected with expression plasmids which express the HCMV major immediate early (IE) proteins 1E72 and 1E86. To more specifically determine the importance of individual cis-acting elements in UL98 promoter activation, the promoter region underwent mutagenesis to delete or alter sequences. The variant promoters were again cloned into a reporter-CAT construct and analyzed in transient transfection assays to assess changes in promoter activity in response to viral or virally induced proteins.

Analysis of promoter activation indicated that the UL98 promoter required the presence of the IE72 and 1E86 immediate early (IE) proteins. In comparison to a prototypical early promoter which regulates the polymerase (pol) gene, UL98 promoter activation levels were equal to or even greater than that of pol in response to the IE transactivators. In the presence of all viral proteins, activation of the UL98 promoter continually increased when analyzed at 24, 48, and 72 hours.

These data indicate that the UL98 early promoter is regulated primarily by the CRE and gamma IRE sequences. UL98 promoter activation therefore relies upon the presence of a combination of elements in their defined flanking positions.

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Eastern Virginia Medical School and Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biomedical Sciences.

A wide variety of agents activate AMPK, but in many cases the mechanisms remain unclear. We generated isogenic cell lines stably expressing AMPK complexes containing AMP-sensitive (wild-type, WT) or AMP-insensitive (R531G) gamma 2 variants. Mitochondrial poisons such as oligomycin and dinitrophenol only activated AMPK in WT cells, as did AICAR, 2-deoxyglucose, hydrogen peroxide, metformin, phenformin, galegine, troglitazone, phenobarbital, resveratrol, and berberine. Excluding AICAR, all of these also inhibited cellular energy metabolism, shown by increases in ADP:ATP ratio and/or by decreases in cellular oxygen uptake measured using an extracellular flux analyzer. By contrast, A769662, the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, osmotic stress, and quercetin activated both variants to varying extents. A23187 and osmotic stress also increased cytoplasmic Ca2+, and their effects were inhibited by ST0609, a CaMKK inhibitor. Our approaches distinguish at least six different mechanisms for AMPK activation and confirm that the widely used antidiabetic drug metformin activates AMPK by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration.

N2 - A wide variety of agents activate AMPK, but in many cases the mechanisms remain unclear. We generated isogenic cell lines stably expressing AMPK complexes containing AMP-sensitive (wild-type, WT) or AMP-insensitive (R531G) gamma 2 variants. Mitochondrial poisons such as oligomycin and dinitrophenol only activated AMPK in WT cells, as did AICAR, 2-deoxyglucose, hydrogen peroxide, metformin, phenformin, galegine, troglitazone, phenobarbital, resveratrol, and berberine. Excluding AICAR, all of these also inhibited cellular energy metabolism, shown by increases in ADP:ATP ratio and/or by decreases in cellular oxygen uptake measured using an extracellular flux analyzer. By contrast, A769662, the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, osmotic stress, and quercetin activated both variants to varying extents. A23187 and osmotic stress also increased cytoplasmic Ca2+, and their effects were inhibited by ST0609, a CaMKK inhibitor. Our approaches distinguish at least six different mechanisms for AMPK activation and confirm that the widely used antidiabetic drug metformin activates AMPK by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration.

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