Causes Of Renaissance Pdf

[Osman Briseno]

Ayear later in 1970, Finnish mathematician Seppo Linnainmaa wrote in his master thesis on the estimation of rounding errors and the reverse mode of automatic differentiation (AD). Unbeknownst to him, this idea that he thought of while in a Copenhagen park on a sunny afternoon would later provide the seed for deep learning to germinate years later to blossom into an AI renaissance decades later. Linnainmaa earned the first doctorate in computer science from the University of Helsinki in 1974.

Also in 1974, scientist Paul J. Werbos published his Harvard University Ph.D. dissertation on the training of artificial neural networks through the backpropagation of errors. Werbos conceived of novel intelligent control designs that had parallels to the human brain. Werbos was a recipient of a 1995 IEEE Neural Networks Council Pioneer Award for his discovery of backpropagation and other contributions to AI neural networks.

Another major contributing factor to the AI boom is due to the rise of video gaming. In the 1970s arcade video games used specialized graphic chips due to cost. During the 1980s to early 2000s, the graphics processing unit (GPU) have eventually evolved from mainly gaming use towards general computing purposes. GPUs are able to process large amounts of data in parallel, a distinct advantage over the standard CPU (central processing unit). The parallel processing power of GPU for general computing is well-suited for the processing of massive amounts of big data for machine learning purposes.

Artificial intelligence has been resurrected from dormancy by deep learning backpropagation and GPU technology. Deep learning is in the early stages of applied commercialization. In the coming decade, AI will continue to rapidly gain momentum as it approaches crossing the technology chasm towards mass global proliferation. Artificial intelligence (AI) is trending across health care, transportation, drug discovery, biotech, genomics, consumer electronics, enterprise software applications, precision medicine, esports, autonomous vehicles, social media applications, manufacturing, scientific research, entertainment, geopolitics, and many more areas. In the not-so-far future, artificial intelligence will become as ubiquitous as the internet.

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The term renaissance was first used in the 16th century in Italy, referred to the changes seen in architecture and sculpture and, in the 18th century, it was used for new creations in art and architecture.

According to J.E.S. Swain, the word Renaissance is a collective term used to include all the intellectual changes that were in evidence at the close of the Middle ages and at the beginning of modern times.

From the different views of different historians, it is clear that the Renaissance was such an intellectual and cultural movement that liberated man from medieval bondage and became free to express their independent thinking.

The medieval era of Europe was the period of the end of the rich cultures of Rome and Greece. There were frustration and discrimination everywhere. The people there were under the conservatism of the church and any form of intellectual development was strangulated.

The medieval period in Europe began with the end of ancient Roman and Greek civilizations. But certain circumstances held during the 13th to 16th century enlightened the men and this enlightenment and consciousness are called Renaissance.

The growth of logic changed the approach of people towards life and they rejected the conservatism of the church, and the exploitation of feudal lords and began to breathe freely. The man with this consciousness gave importance to the ideals and values, which was neglected during the medieval period.

Crusades: The wars between the Muslim world (Seljuk Turks) and the Christian world that took place between the 11th Century and to 13th Century on the issue of the holy pilgrimage Jerusalem are called the crusades. As a result, European came in touch with the East and saw the rich civilization and culture of the East. The Arabs enriched their civilization with their contact with the Greeks and Indians. The contact with Arabians inspires Europeans to change their lifestyle based on religion and also encouraged them to travel and study geography.

Discovery of Paper and Printing Machines: The Europeans learned paper-making art from the Arabians in the Medieval Period and the invention of the typing machine paved the path of intellectual development.

In the field of Literature: Prior to Renaissance, the creation of literature was only in Latin and Greek language. But the regional languages, literature, teaching, and learning were developed during the Renaissance period. Moreover, religious themes were also replaced by human activities.

In the Field of Art: The independent style was developed leaving behind the old traditions. During this period, the painters did not overlook the religious themes but their representation of painting was humanist and worldly.

Humanism: The influence of the Renaissance was more on the attitude of man. Now the interest of man changed from the god to the man. The humanist thinkers rejected the asceticism and spiritualism of the religious texts and accepted beauty, human love, and material pleasure as the essence of life.

Growth of Scientific Approach: The profound impact of religion on the human mind was thrown out by the Renaissance and compelled him for future reforms. The development of the intellectual approach tested the beliefs and prevailing practices of Christianity on the basis of logic and rationality.

Growth of Nationalism: It reduced the impact of the pope and church, which led to the growth of a nationalistic feeling among the people. This national feeling increased the interest to raise the power of their nation.

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However, thanks to the proximity of Islamic lands to the Greek-speaking East, Muslim scholars did read the Greek texts. Aristotle, Plato, and many other Greek authors had been translated into Arabic, and brought across North Africa into the Muslim lands of Spain.

Beginning in the middle of the twelfth century, Italian, German, and Frankish scholars started to travel to Spain, which they could now do, semi-safely, to read and translate these texts. There were dozens of them, but one of most prolific was Gerard of Cremona, who single-handedly translated over seventy Greek works of philosophy, natural science, and mathematics from Arabic into Latin.

My friends, the state of England cannot be right until everything is held communally, and until there is no distinction between nobleman and serf, and we are all as one. Why are those whom we call lords masters over us? How have they deserved it? By what right do they keep us enslaved? We are all descended from our first parents, Adam and Eve; how then can they say that they are better lords than us, except in making us toil and earn for them to spend? They are dressed in velvet and furs, while we wear only cloth. They have wine, and spices and good bread, while we have rye, and straw that has been thrown away, and water to drink. They have fine houses and manors, and we have to brave the wind and rain as we toil in the fields. It is by the sweat of our brows that they maintain their high state.

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