Agaricales In Modern Taxonomy Pdf Download
Sharif Garmon
Singer is probably best known for his impact on the systematics and nomenclature of Agaricales and related taxa. His monumental The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (Singer, 1986a) has appeared in four editions and is almost universally used as the "accepted" classification of mushrooms and their relatives. His monographs and revisions are often the only modern treatment for many genera.
Strauss D., Ghosh S., Murray Z. & Gryzenhout M. 2022. An overview on the taxonomy, phylogenetics and ecology of the psychedelic genera Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus and Gymnopilus. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 5: 813998.
One challenge in the dietary supplement industry is confirmation of species identity for processed raw materials, i.e. those modified by milling, drying, or extraction, which move through a multilevel supply chain before reaching the finished product. This is particularly difficult for samples containing fungal mycelia, where processing removes morphological characteristics, such that they do not present sufficient variation to differentiate species by traditional techniques. To address this issue, we have demonstrated the utility of DNA barcoding to verify the taxonomic identity of fungi found commonly in the food and dietary supplement industry; such data are critical for protecting consumer health, by assuring both safety and quality. By using DNA barcoding of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rRNA gene with fungal specific ITS primers, ITS barcodes were generated for 33 representative fungal samples, all of which could be used by consumers for food and/or dietary supplement purposes. In the majority of cases, we were able to sequence the ITS region from powdered mycelium samples, grocery store mushrooms, and capsules from commercial dietary supplements. After generating ITS barcodes utilizing standard procedures accepted by the Consortium for the Barcode of Life, we tested their utility by performing a BLAST search against authenticate published ITS sequences in GenBank. In some cases, we also downloaded published, homologous sequences of the ITS region of fungi inspected in this study and examined the phylogenetic relationships of barcoded fungal species in light of modern taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. We anticipate that these data will motivate discussions on DNA barcoding based species identification as applied to the verification/certification of mushroom-containing dietary supplements.
Abstract: A taxonomic revision is made of the agaric genus Clitocybe (Fr.) Staude in Fennoscandia (i.e., Norway, Sweden, Finland, and parts of the northwest of the U.S.S.R.), the material comprising 3220 specimens. The delimitation of the genus mainly follows that of modern authors (e.g. SINGER 1962), and in the discussion of some intergeneric differences attention is also drawn to some previously ignored ecological features. Agaricus nebularis [Batsch] Fries is acknowledged as the type species. Fairly comprehensive descriptions are given of the infrageneric diagnostic characters. Among the characters whose genetically controlled variation and diagnostic importance has often been ignored or undervalued by previous authors are: certain features of the pileus surface, the organization of the basal mycelium of the stipe, hygrophany, odour, the responses of some parts of the dried fruit body under ultra-violet light, the colour of the spore deposit, several other spore characters, some of which are taken as the basis for a new system of spore shape classification, and pigmentation. Some characters are supposed to be original, and others derived. Several macrochemical reagents were tested, of which KOH proyed to be the most useful. Information on the cytology (e.g. the chromosome number) of one species is given. Some macroscopical, sporal, anatomical, ecological and other characters as well as certain responses to ultra-violet light are shown to be uniform throughout Clitocybe, and may thus be diagnostic of the genus. Considerable attention is paid to the habitat (substrate, forest site type, relation to lime content of ground, relation to human influence), fruiting time, and geographical distribution of the species, which may be grouped in various, often clear-cut, categories with regard to each of these aspects. The largest numbers of species are found in the coniferous and mixed deciduous and coniferous, hemiboreal and southern boreal forests, the number of eastern taxa being considerable. Some species occur in alpine Dryas heaths. Three species are recorded for the first time outside N. America, and two outside Asia. 3 subgenera, 16 sections, 2 subsections, 43 species, and 2 varieties are recognized, of which 1, 6 (in addition, 2 provisionally), 2, 14, and 1, respectively, are described as new. 4 new combinations are introduced. Lectotypes or neotypes are proposed for several species. The author citations of some sectional and specific names are corrected.
In the pertinent taxonomical literature, the interpretation, circumscription, and typification of the genus Simocybe P. Karst. (1879, Bidrag Kännedom Finlands Natur Folk 32: xxii, 416 nom. cons. - type species S. centuncula (Fr.) P. Karst.) were disputed for many years. In the past, selection of various generic type species also caused confusion and controversy concerning the morphotaxonomic range of characters supposed to be typical for species presently accommodated in Simocybe. Following modern concepts of the genus, relatively few taxa belong to Simocybe (Horak 1968, 2005; Singer 1986; Senn-Irlet 2008). In the course of the taxonomical redefinition of the genus, several species originally described in Naucoria, Ramicola, or Crepidotus were eventually transferred to Simocybe (Romagnesi 1943; Singer 1950; Bon 1991; Ludwig 2001; Moreau et al. 2007; Courtecuisse 2008). As a consequence, about ten species from the genus are currently recognized in Europe.
Abstract:During the period from 2018 to 2020, a survey of macrofungi in northern Thailand was conducted and seven specimens of Volvariella were collected. The morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and large subunit (nrLSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence data indicated that three specimens belonged to V. bombycina and V. volvacea. Four other specimens were distinct from all other known species within the genus Volvariella. We described these specimens as two new species, namely V. neovolvacea and V. thailandensis. Comprehensive descriptions, illustrations, line drawings, and a phylogenetic tree are provided to show the position of the two new species. The comparisons between morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species are also discussed.Keywords: gill fungi; phylogeny; saprophytic fungi; taxonomy; tropical area
In a survey of the agaricoid fungi from the western region of Paraná State, south Brazil, 2 species of Copelandia were identified. Copelandia cyanescens is a common and widely distributed coprophilous species with typical bluing reaction. Copelandia mexicana is a rare and poorly known mushroom, lignicolous and not conspicuously bluing, with distinctive macro- and micromorphological features. This is a new record from South America. Both species are described and illustrated in detail, and discussed regarding distribution, taxonomy and nomenclature.
Macroscopic features were described from fresh basidiomata and specimens were dried with a food dehydrator (Total Chef TCFD-05 Deluxe) at about 40 ºC. Color codes (e.g. OAC 640) were based on the Online Auction Color Chart (Kramer 2004Kramer LA. 2004. The online auction color chart. Stanford, Online Auction Color Chart Company.). Macrochemical tests were performed according to Singer (1986Singer R. 1986. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. 4th. edn. Koenigstein, Koeltz Scientific Books.). Microscopic structures were rehydrated in 3 % KOH and dyed with Congo Red. Melzers reagent was used for testing amyloidity. To observe the surface of the basidiospores in scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small fragments of the hymenophore were taken from dried specimens and mounted directly on aluminum stubs using carbon adhesive tabs, coated with 30 nm of gold, and examined with a JEOL JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscope, operating at 10KeV, at the Centro de Microscopia e Microanálise of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Line drawings of microscopic features were made using digital photographs from the specimens examined. Voucher materials were deposited at ICN and FLOR Herbaria and duplicates will be sent to VIES (Thiers 2017Thiers B. 2017 [continuously updated]. Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York, New York Botanical Garden's Virtual Herbarium. 1 Apr. 2017.
).