Psych Notes 6th Edition

[Recaredo Latreche]

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The book Social Psychology is a textbook on social psychology that is written by Michael A. Hogg and Graham Vaughan. Michael A. Hogg is a social psychologist and professor at Claremont Graduate University in California. Graham Vaughan is a professor of psychology at the University of Auckland in New Zealand. Both Hogg and Vaughan have published a lot of research on social psychology. The ninth edition of this book was published in 2022 and has a lot of up to date information.

The book is an easy to understand but comprehensive introduction to social psychology, which is an important field of psychology. The book explains all the important topics and theories of social psychology and also discusses the difficulties in the field.

The book starts of with a basic introduction to what social psychology is and how it has became an independent and scientific field of psychology. It then discusses the big topics of social psychology in the following order: social cognition, attribution, identity, attitudes, persuassion and social influence, group behaviour, leadership, prejudice and discrimination, intergroup behaviour, aggression, prosocial behaviour, attraction and love, and communication. Lastly, it discusses the possible shortcomings of theories and concepts in social psychology that are mostly based on Western culture, and how to deal with this.

Je kunt een samenvatting geven van de belangrijkste theorien, onderzoeksresultaten en wetenschappers in de sociale en cross-culturele psychologie. Daarnaast is de integratie en toepassing van de kennis van belang. Je moet verbanden kunnen leggen tussen onderzoeksresultaten en concepten en theorien in de SCCP. Ook moet je verbanden kunnen leggen met concrete voorbeelden uit de praktijk. Hiervoor is de stof uit het boek relevant voornamelijk de key words aan het begin van elk hoofdstuk, maar ook de stof uit de colleges is tentamenstof.

Sociale psychologie is de wetenschap van het alledaagse sociale gedrag. Het omvat dingen zoals samenwerking en gevoelens: liefde, haat, etcetera. Sociale psychologen proberen te begrijpen hoe gedachten, gevoelens en gedrag van individuen wordt benvloed door de (ingebeelde) aanwezigheid van anderen. Volgens de definitie is er een wisselwerking tussen cognitie en gedrag van jezelf en sociaal gedrag van anderen. Het gaat er dus over hoe andere mensen invloed hebben op ons gedrag en onze gevoelens. Je eigen cognitie en gedrag wordt benvloed door de cognitie en het gedrag van anderen, en vice versa.

Het bystander effect houdt in dat hoe meer mensen er aanwezig zijn hoe minder verantwoordelijkheid bij jou ligt. Dit komt doordat men niet ingrijpen als ze geweld zien wat ze moeten doen terwijl ze in een grote groep zijn. Hoe meer mensen aanwezig zijn, hoe minder kans er is dat er iemand de hulpbehoevende zal helpen. Dit komt omdat mensen zich niet verantwoordelijk voelen omdat de verantwoordelijkheid wordt gedeeld. Ook willen mensen anoniem blijven en geen gevaar lopen. Daarnaast is sprake van sociale conformiteit. Mogelijke oplossingen voor dit probleem zijn bewustwording met het probleem, en specifiek een persoon aanwijzen van wie je hulp wilt. Dit is sociale psychologie omdat de aanwezigheid van anderen inloed heeft op ons denken en handelen.

Sociale psychologie zoekt verklaringen voor sociaal gedrag en de perceptie van mensen. Dit doet hij door empirische en dan vooral experimentele onderzoeken. Onderzoek beantwoordt vragen zoals of psychische problemen in onze genen zitten. Een andere vraag is of we dit inzichtelijk kunnen maken met de hersenscanner. Een heel belangrijke kwestie is of we de oplossing vinden in het medicijnkastje. Naast deze voornamelijk medische benaderingen zijn nog andere manieren van aanpak. Bentall en Verhaege leggen de oorzaak van depressie bij mensen die zich nergens thuis voelen. Zij duiden sociale factoren aan die tot depressie leiden. Met dergelijke opmerkingen levert de sociale psychologie een bijdrage aan de klinische psychologie.

Social psychology seeks to understand the motivation behind people's behaviours in a social context. It aims to uncover the interactions between people in a given society and how and to what extent the environment (including other people) influences the actions of an individual. An official definition is thus: the study of people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.

One example is the Bystander Effect, where in traumatic situations, many witnesses and bystanders do nothing to help the victim, while simultaneously holding the belief that they would. This occurs due to complex networks of relationships between the bystanders, resulting in a general non-response. In fact, the larger the number of bystanders, the less likely anybody is going to help. This is applicable in a number of situations.

The main reason for this effect is diffusion of responsibility - that is, the more people there are, the more helping the victim becomes a shared responsibility, and the less responsibility an individual feels towards helping in the situation. Another reason is the 'nothing has happened ' assumption. If no one is taking action, it is plausible to assume that nothing has actually happened, which may lead to fear of embarrassment for jumping in on a situation that did not need help in the first place.

An example of the application of social psychology is in the Earthquake issue in Groningen. Gas companies initially denied responsibility for these earthquakes and the problem has posed a huge problem to the government, as reparation costs would be a toll on government income. This made for a good study on collective injustice, which falls under the realm of social psychology. When people perceive that they are being treated unjustly and that they have the power to change something, they tend to take action in the form of protests. In the case of the Groningen Earthquakes, however, very few protests.....read more

This chapter serves as an introduction to the field of social psychology. The chapter covers several key topics of social psychology and explains how social psychology has developed and how it can be used. The following topics will be discussed in this chapter:

What social psychology is. The chapter starts by defining social psychology and discussing how it is distinct from other fields of psychology. It explains that social psychology is concerned with how people think about, influence, and relate to each other.

The scope of social psychology. The chapter discusses the wide range of topics that social psychologists study, including social influence, social cognition, social perception, social identity, intergroup relations, and many others.

Applications of social psychology. The chapter discusses some of the practical applications of social psychology, such as how social psychology research can be used to promote health behaviors, reduce prejudice and discrimination, and improve interpersonal relationships.

Theoretical perspectives in social psychology. The chapter introduces some of the key theoretical perspectives that social psychologists use to understand human behavior, including social identity theory, social exchange theory, and evolutionary psychology.

The methods of social psychology. The chapter covers the methods that social psychologists use to conduct research, including experiments, surveys, and field studies. It also discusses some of the ethical issues that arise in social psychological research.

The historical context of social psychology The chapter provides an overview of the history of social psychology, starting with the early social psychology experiments conducted by Norman Triplett and Max Ringelmann in the late 1800s and early 1900s. It also covers the emergence of social psychology as a distinct field of study in the mid-20th century.

Social psychology is a field of psychology that examines how individuals perceive, interact and affect each other. Social psychologists study a variety of topics, such as how individuals influence each other, how they process and interpret social information, how they perceive themselves in relation to social groups, and how they relate to others who belong to different social groups. Social psychology is distinct from other fields of psychology because it concentrates on the social factors that shape behavior, distinguishing it from other fields of psychology that focus more on individual-level factors.

Compared to other fields of psychology, social psychology places greater emphasis on the role of social factors in shaping behavior. For example, clinical psychology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness, whereas social psychology focuses on how social factors influence mental processes and behavior. Developmental psychology focuses on how individuals change and develop over the course of their lives, whereas social psychology focuses on how social experiences shape development. Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes such as perception, attention, and memory, whereas social psychology focuses on how these processes are influenced by social factors.

This chapter is about social cognition and social thinking, including the processes involved, the factors that influence them, and their consequences for social behaviour. The chapter begins with an overview of the concept of social cognition and its relevance to social psychology. It explains that social cognition refers to the mental processes that people use to make sense of social situations and other people's behaviour.

Social cognition refers to the study of how individuals process, retain, and utilize information related to social situations and other individuals. This field of study involves research to cognitive processes such as attention, perception, memory, and judgment. Early social psychological research focused primarily on behaviour and attitudes, with relatively little attention paid to cognitive processes. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, a new wave of research emerged that focused on cognitive processes and how they shape social behaviour.

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