Map Europe 2000

[Kelsi Corsi]

Anomaliesare expressed in standard deviations compared to the long term average vegetation productivity conditions for each 500m grid cell in the EEA39 region. Negative vegetation productivity anomalies indicate vegetation productivity conditions that are less than the long term normal condition due to drought (i.e. under negative sol moisture anomalies).

The extent of the impacted area is calculated from the sum of those grid cells where the soil moisture anomaly was below -1 standard deviation and the vegetation productivity anomaly was below -0,5 standard deviation in the given year.

In order to exclude low vegetation anomaly signals in the time series, only those grid cells were considered in this analysis where the Corine Land Cover (CLC) 2000-2018 series indicated no land use change between 2000-2018.

The 2000 UEFA European Football Championship, also known as Euro 2000, was the 11th UEFA European Championship, a football tournament held every four years and organised by UEFA, the sport's governing body in Europe.[1]

The finals saw the first major UEFA competition contested in the King Baudouin Stadium (formerly the Heysel Stadium) since the events of the 1985 European Cup final and the Heysel Stadium disaster, with the opening game being played in the rebuilt stadium.

Football hooliganism was a significant problem in the Netherlands in the 1990s, especially the fierce rivalry between Ajax and Feyenoord. There were concerns that hooliganism would overshadow the finals. Many instances of violence occurred, including several football riots in Rotterdam between 1995 and 1999, which would host the Euro 2000 final. One of the most infamous incidents was the Battle of Beverwijk in 1997. Although the violence is normally associated with domestic clubs, there were concerns that it could attach to the Dutch national team.[10][11]

Violence did eventually occur during the Euro 2000 finals, albeit not involving the Dutch team. On 17 June 174 England fans were arrested in Brussels, Belgium, following violence with Germans ahead of an England v Germany match.[12]

Italy eliminated the Netherlands in the semi-finals, despite going down to ten men and facing two penalty kicks. Italian goalkeeper Francesco Toldo, who had been drafted into the starting XI as Gianluigi Buffon missed the tournament through injury, made two saves in the penalty shootout (in addition to his penalty save in normal time) to carry the Italians to the final.

Qualification for the tournament took place throughout 1998 and 1999. Forty-nine teams were divided into nine groups and each played the others in their group, on a home-and-away basis. The winner of each group and the best runner-up qualified automatically for the final tournament. The eight other runners-up played an additional set of play-off matches to determine the last four qualifiers. Belgium and the Netherlands automatically qualified for the tournament as co-hosts.

The composition of pots 1 to 4 was based on the teams' UEFA national team coefficient ranking at the end of 1999,[27] with the exception of pot 1 automatically top seeding Germany as holders along with co-hosts Belgium and Netherlands.[28][29][26]

Prior to the draw, the seeded teams in Pot 1 were assigned positions: Germany (defending champion) to A1, Belgium (co-host) to B1, Spain (highest coefficient) to C1, and the Netherlands (co-host) to D1. Teams were drawn consecutively from Pots 2 to 4 into a group, with each team then being assigned a specific position (for the purposes of determining the match schedules in each group).[26]

The knockout stage was a single-elimination tournament with each round eliminating the losers.[56] Any game that was undecided by the end of the regular 90 minutes, was followed by up to thirty minutes of extra time.[56] For the second time the golden goal system was applied, whereby the first team to score during the extra time would become the winner.[56] If no goal was scored there would be a penalty shoot-out to determine the winner.[56] For the second time the final was won by a golden goal.[56]

A sum of CHF120 million was awarded to the 16 qualified teams in the competition.[60][61] France, the winners of the tournament, received a total prize money of CHF14.4 million.[60] Below is a complete list of the allocations:[61]

On 9 July 2000, UEFA refused to hand FR Yugoslavia their prize money of CHF7.8 million, because of alleged ties between the Football Association of FR Yugoslavia and Slobodan Milošević's government.[62] However, no connections were found and the Football Association of FR Yugoslavia later received their money with an additional bonus.[63]

The Adidas Terrestra Silverstream was unveiled as the official match ball of the competition on 13 December 1999 at Constant Vanden Stock Stadium, Anderlecht's home arena by Alessandro Del Piero, Edwin van der Sar, Zinedine Zidane and Luc Nilis.[67][68]

The official mascot for the tournament was Benelucky[69] (a pun on Benelux), a lion-devil hybrid with its mane having the flag colours of both host nations. The lion is the national football emblem of the Netherlands and a devil is the emblem of Belgium (the team being nicknamed "the Red Devils").[70]

The period from 2000 to 1000 B.C. is marked by the rise of warrior elites in western and central Europe. Distinguished by ritual, wealth, and equestrian culture, these elites collect weapons and precious trinkets, which archaeologists have found buried in their graves.

Rock faces in the Alps, such as Val Camonica in northern Italy, Monte Bego in France, and Totes Gebirge in Austria, are carved with animals, buildings, and warriors, perhaps engaged in martial rituals.

The Unitice culture, named after a cemetery near Prague, emerges across central Europe. Flat burials with no mounds are the rule. Bodies are frequently arranged according to gender and oriented with respect to the points of the compass.

Builders arrange a variety of megaliths from Wales at Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain. Although the exact use and meaning of the structure remains unexplained, it probably served in a ceremony associated with the changing of the seasons.

Impressive mounds in central Germany cover tombs equipped with tools for carpentry and metalwork. The monumentality and wealth of the burials suggest the esteem and power that belonged to artisans skilled in the extraction and working of metal, a new enterprise in central Europe.

Horses and a culture of horsemanship arrive in central Europe from the steppes to the east. With these comes a style of ornament composed of C-shaped scrolls and compass-drawn circles, earlier used to decorate horse trappings.

Goods begin to travel widely between cultures north and south. Spearheads, swords, and imported jewelry appear in European tombs, as do pins with wheel-shaped heads, which may refer to the chariot, a powerful status symbol. Throughout Europe, small groups seek status by controlling metals and other resources and acquiring the outward signs of wealth.

Metalworking, already known in Europe for over a thousand years, increases dramatically. Smiths handle larger quantities of bronze and gold and exploit sophisticated techniques such as lost-wax casting and casting in molds in many pieces.

A shift in funerary practice begins. In place of inhumation burial, cremation becomes the norm; the ashes are interred, usually with a few grave goods, in urns placed in cemetery grounds. The change seems to indicate new religious concepts, which hold the materiality of the body less important and leave precious objects largely to the living.

All patients were infected by a single B. anthracis strain type (2,4) that belonged to the large Trans-Eurasian clade of B. anthracis. The whole genome of a representative strain of this type, Ba4599, had previously been sequenced (2). Strains related to strains associated with those isolated from European drug users, which belong to the A.Br. 008/011 canSNP cluster but are still genetically distinct, have so far only been identified from Turkey (2). However, more isolates from other relevant regions need to be investigated to confirm the likely geographic source.

Figure. . Diagram of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays used for bioforensic genotyping of heroin-associated Bacillus anthracis strains. Shown are the results of PCR-based SNP assays performed to elucidate the phylogenetic position...

Molecular phylogenetic methods were used to determine the genetic relatedness of these strains with Ba4599 (8,9). Genotyping results using canonical single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (Figure) (2,4) placed all of these strains along branch A.Br.008 within the Trans-Eurasian group of B. anthracis (10). Further hierarchical fine-scale typing of the isolates by interrogating SNPs that were discovered from the heroin-associated strain Ba4599 (2) indicated that all isolates are identical at these SNPs (Figure) (7). The initial strain isolated in Norway in 2000 also falls into this group (7). In addition, analysis by multiple locus variable number tandem repeats suggested that all investigated strains are closely related, differing at just 2 markers (7). Thus, we conclude that all injectional anthrax isolates likely came from the same source.

This reemergence of drug-related anthrax in Europe strengthens the view that heroin may provide a continuing route of entry for B. anthracis into Western Europe (2). Ideally, this unfortunate deadly incident could offer an opportunity to sensitize heroin users to the risks for severe infection and to educate public health officials to be vigilant for this rare disease. This study also shows the power of molecular genotyping approaches for trace-back analysis of infectious disease agents.

Collaboration between the Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology and Northern Arizona University is part of a project funded by the US Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate through award 2010-ST-108-000015. This work was also supported in part by the US Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate award HSHQDC-10-C-00139.

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