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Modern humans (Homo sapiens) are the sole surviving representatives of the human family tree, but we're the last sentence in an evolutionary story that began approximately 6 million years ago and spawned at least 18 species known collectively as hominins.
Unlike emerging Homo species, which had bigger brains and smaller teeth than their predecessors, Paranthropus had small brains and were more apelike, with massive back teeth and powerful chewing muscles, Harcourt-Smith said.
"For quite a long time, you've got Homo and Paranthropus occupying maybe different niches but similar landscapes, and they both do really well," Harcourt-Smith said. But after about 1 million years, Paranthropus was gone, and "Homo hangs on and proliferates, eventually across the world," he said.
What extinguished Ardipithecus, Australopithecus and Paranthropus? "Nobody knows for sure, and it probably wasn't just one thing," said Elizabeth Sawchuk, associate curator of human evolution at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
Bigger brains in Homo certainly gave the genus an edge over Paranthropus, Harcourt-Smith added. With larger brains came improvements in cognition and toolmaking abilities, more behavioral flexibility, increased sociality and better problem-solving.
"They were likely in fairly complex family groups; perhaps they were burying their dead. They were building shelters; they were making projectile weapons; they had the controlled use of fire," he said. "You start to see the emergence of specialization, different tools for different tasks. They were engaging with the landscape in sophisticated ways."
This may have made Homo species more resilient and adaptable than Paranthropus was, but unraveling what made H. sapiens outlast all other Homo species is trickier. Ancient tools, art and other artifacts suggest that our cognitive powers, technical prowess and problem-solving were more advanced than those of our close relatives, Harcourt-Smith said. Flexible social strategies also could have helped H. sapiens persist where other species perished, Sawchuk suggested.
Another factor could simply be chance, Harcourt-Smith added. Small species populations can swiftly crash following natural disasters, disease outbreaks or climate shifts, leaving a formerly occupied niche open for other species to take over.
Homo erectus was the first Homo species to appear, spreading across Africa and into eastern Asia. Over hundreds of thousands of years, more species followed: Homo heidelbergensis, Homo naledi, Homo floresiensis and Homo luzonensis, as well as H. sapiens, Neanderthals and Denisovans.
"While we don't know what role we played in their extinction, it seems likely that our spread out of Africa put stress on other species through competition for resources," Sawchuk said. "Our species was very successful at moving around and mating, which is probably one of the reasons we're still here."
Global climate change is also thought to have contributed to the extinction of some Homo species, "but it's hard to say how much of a role it played," Sawchuk said. "For example, our species Homo sapiens evolved in Africa but survived the Ice Ages in Europe whereas Neanderthals, who were adapted to cold conditions, did not. It stands to reason that there was more to the equation than just climate."
As it happens, H. sapiens came perilously close to extinction at one point. A recent genetic analysis of more than 3,000 people in African and non-African groups revealed lower genetic diversity than expected. Scientists traced this to a breeding "bottleneck" between 813,000 and 930,000 years ago, with the global Homo population hovering at roughly 1,300 for more than 100,000 years.
Mindy Weisberger is an editor at Scholastic and a former Live Science channel editor and senior writer. She has reported on general science, covering climate change, paleontology, biology and space. Mindy studied film at Columbia University; prior to Live Science she produced, wrote and directed media for the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Her videos about dinosaurs, astrophysics, biodiversity and evolution appear in museums and science centers worldwide, earning awards such as the CINE Golden Eagle and the Communicator Award of Excellence. Her writing has also appeared in Scientific American, The Washington Post and How It Works Magazine. Her book \"Rise of the Zombie Bugs: The Surprising Science of Parasitic Mind Control\" will be published in spring 2025 by Johns Hopkins University Press."}), " -0-10/js/authorBio.js"); } else console.error('%c FTE ','background: #9306F9; color: #ffffff','no lazy slice hydration function available'); Mindy WeisbergerSocial Links NavigationLive Science ContributorMindy Weisberger is an editor at Scholastic and a former Live Science channel editor and senior writer. She has reported on general science, covering climate change, paleontology, biology and space. Mindy studied film at Columbia University; prior to Live Science she produced, wrote and directed media for the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Her videos about dinosaurs, astrophysics, biodiversity and evolution appear in museums and science centers worldwide, earning awards such as the CINE Golden Eagle and the Communicator Award of Excellence. Her writing has also appeared in Scientific American, The Washington Post and How It Works Magazine. Her book "Rise of the Zombie Bugs: The Surprising Science of Parasitic Mind Control" will be published in spring 2025 by Johns Hopkins University Press.
St. Ambrose took advantage of a sometimes overly-physical Holy Cross team by connecting on 25-of-33 free throws in outlasting the Saints 56-52 in a first round game of the CCAC Tournament Tuesday night.
Sixteen of those free throws came in the second half, with nine coming in the final quarter. They helped SAU overcome a six-minute lull bridging the second and third quarters that saw Holy Cross (7-14) score 11 straight points to grab a 32-26 lead early in the second half.
The Bee defense overwhelmed the Saints in the final period. With the game tied at 39-39 entering the quarter, SAU held HCC scoreless for the first four minutes of the frame. Mel Stewart had the final six points of an 8-0 run that put St. Ambrose ahead 47-39.
A 25-8 scoring advantage from the line coupled with a defensive performance that limited the Saints to less than 30 percent shooting from the floor were enough to overcome a 30.6 percent shooting effort and send the Bees to the CCAC quarterfinals.
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