Volcano Edit

[Julian Gladyshev]

"Prior to June 12, the last explosive eruption had occurred in 1989 with eruptions in 1986, 1976, 1954 and 1946 also producing lava flows. Commercial airline flights were diverted from the region to minimize the danger of engine failures from ash intake. This detailed photograph is exciting to volcanologists because it captures several phenomena that occur during the earliest stages of an explosive volcanic eruption.

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I have been able to plot the data as a volcano plot. However, I have some data points which share the exact same adjusted p value and a similar FC. And so the labels are probably getting overlapped and one label is obscuring the one closest to it. Please let me know if I can change the coordinates of the annotations/labels or is there a way to spread them out so all the labels are visible.

Thanks for the answer! It works well in this case. But my situation is a little different and this solution doesn't work.Labels have been created as key-value pairs by ifelse statements before legendLabels().

Hey again, oh, I see what you mean. One can appreciate how difficult it can be to get just the right plot. Fortunately, due to the way that I designed this package, any user can effectively modify any part of the plot after the original plot has been created via the standard ggplot2 functions.

For the most basic volcano plot, only a single data-frame, data-matrix, or tibble of test results is required, containing point labels, log2FC, and adjusted or unadjusted P values. The default cut-off for log2FC is >2; the default cut-off for P value is 10e-6.

Signals of volcanic unrest are usually obtained from changes in volcanic systems (such as earthquake activity), changes in gas emissions from the volcano, or small changes in the shape of the volcano (which can be detected by ground-based or satellite monitoring).

it should be noted that i live right between volcano and obsidian mountain, right beside central cave on our server. since the volcano change we've switched to mining on obsidian mountain. it's just so much easier and less hassle. it produces just over 1 full forge if you get most of the higher density nodes on a good ank with imprint boost. pretty convenient. Almost lost it due to pillar nerf tho... that was fun. its properly protected now tho. again.

I seriously doubt the amount of metal produced for **only** volcano nodes is bumped up. If it is, then hitting 8 nodes multiple times to get 70% pre-volcano-nerf level of metal would mean it becomes the most efficient area to farm metal.

There is that as well, yeah. you could put an anchor doed on the edge on passive and whistle the quetz so that in the event you do disconnect, it doesnt try to land in lava.... but that seems like a lot more work than what it's worth.

Volcanoes can impact climate change. During major explosive eruptions huge amounts of volcanic gas, aerosol droplets, and ash are injected into the stratosphere. Injected ash falls rapidly from the stratosphere -- most of it is removed within several days to weeks -- and has little impact on climate change. But volcanic gases like sulfur dioxide can cause global cooling, while volcanic carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, has the potential to promote global warming.

The most significant climate impacts from volcanic injections into the stratosphere come from the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid, which condenses rapidly in the stratosphere to form fine sulfate aerosols. The aerosols increase the reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space, cooling the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere.

Several eruptions during the past century have caused a decline in the average temperature at the Earth's surface of up to half a degree (Fahrenheit scale) for periods of one to three years. The climactic eruption of Mount Pinatubo on June 15, 1991, was one of the largest eruptions of the twentieth century and injected a 20-million ton (metric scale) sulfur dioxide cloud into the stratosphere at an altitude of more than 20 miles. The Pinatubo cloud was the largest sulfur dioxide cloud ever observed in the stratosphere since the beginning of such observations by satellites in 1978. It caused what is believed to be the largest aerosol disturbance of the stratosphere in the twentieth century, though probably smaller than the disturbances from eruptions of Krakatau in 1883 and Tambora in 1815. Consequently, it was a standout in its climate impact and cooled the Earth's surface for three years following the eruption, by as much as 1.3 degrees F at the height of the impact.

The large 1783-1784 Laki fissure eruption in Iceland released a staggering amount more sulfur dioxide than Pinatubo (approximately 120-million ton vs. 20). Although the two eruptions were significantly different in length and style, the added atmospheric SO2 caused regional cooling of Europe and North America by similar amounts for similar periods of time.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas and is the primary gas blamed for climate change. While sulfur dioxide released in contemporary volcanic eruptions has occasionally caused detectable global cooling of the lower atmosphere, the carbon dioxide released in contemporary volcanic eruptions has never caused detectable global warming of the atmosphere. In 2010, human activities were responsible for a projected 35 billion metric tons (gigatons) of CO2 emissions. All studies to date of global volcanic carbon dioxide emissions indicate that present-day subaerial and submarine volcanoes release less than a percent of the carbon dioxide released currently by human activities. While it has been proposed that intense volcanic release of carbon dioxide in the deep geologic past did cause global warming, and possibly some mass extinctions, this is a topic of scientific debate at present.

Published scientific estimates of the global CO2 emission rate for all degassing subaerial (on land) and submarine volcanoes lie in a range from 0.13 gigaton to 0.44 gigaton per year. The 35-gigaton projected anthropogenic CO2 emission for 2010 is about 80 to 270 times larger than the respective maximum and minimum annual global volcanic CO2 emission estimates.

There is no question that very large volcanic eruptions can inject significant amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens vented approximately 10 million tons of CO2 into the atmosphere in only 9 hours. However, it currently takes humanity only 2.5 hours to put out the same amount. While large explosive eruptions like this are rare and only occur globally every 10 years or so, humanity's emissions are ceaseless and increasing every year.

There continues to be efforts to reduce uncertainties and improve estimates of present-day global volcanic CO2 emissions, but there is little doubt among volcanic gas scientists that the anthropogenic CO2 emissions dwarf global volcanic CO2 emissions.

"The public rarely thinks about how science changes -- we learn odd facts from classes or news stories, but assume that the overall knowledge stays relatively constant. The reality is quite different," Fink said. "Volcano science advances steadily, in step with technological progress. But it also can change immediately and radically, in response to unusually large or impactful eruptions."

Consider Washington's Mount St. Helens' eruption in 1980, which taught the world about catastrophic volcanic landslides and blasts, or Campi Flegrei in Naples, Italy which threatens to erupt explosively any day. In 1980, geologists thought the earth's crust behaved like a solid layer containing isolated pools of molten magma. Today we know it's more like a complex mush, making predicting when large volcanoes eruptions will occur considerably more difficult.

"Governments use past experience to forecast what might happen next. But because volcanoes can lie dormant for centuries, the policy toolbox may be relatively empty or outdated," Fink said. "This collection of papers, and the scientific symposia that they are based upon from 2000, 2010 and 2020, focus not only on the ingredients in the box of volcano knowledge, but also on how new ideas get added over a period of decades. From dozens of different perspectives, we've examined how the current knowledge about how volcanoes work has been assembled, which helps us anticipate how it will continue to change in the future."

"Sea level rise, glacial melting, aquifer depletion, and mountain erosion can all affect the likelihood and frequency of volcanic eruptions," he said. "With the increasing seriousness of climate impacts on society, the search for 'geoengineering' solutions will make it more likely that countries will consider volcano-mimicking interventions -- like an injection of aerosols into the stratosphere to cool the Earth's surface. Volcano scientists will need to advise policymakers on the details of how such events would likely evolve."

"This region is characterized by volcanic eruptions of different scales and types, catastrophic subduction zone earthquakes, mega-wildfires that can wipe out cities, wildfire smoke events that can make our air unbreathable, tsunamis that can drown coastal communities, landslides that can shut down transportation corridors, floods that can inundate cities, and heat dome events that can kill thousands of individuals," he said.

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