We conducted a literature review on academic papers using EMR data from type 2 diabetic patients, as well as other EMR extracted data (a description of the literature on adoption of EMR in the countries can be found in Additional file 3). Sources of information included scientific databases (e.g. PubMed and Google Scholar). Search terms included: electronic medical record*; Electronic Health Records [MeSH]; electronic health record*; electronic patient record*; computer-based or computerised medical record; computer-based or computerised health record; computer-based or computerised patient record; country name; and diabetes. Other optional terms included: adoption, uptake, coverage, governance, trend*, ethic*, and provider*. Where possible, we conducted more general literature searches (e.g. on Ministry of Health and EMR provider websites) to find additional information and contacts for the interviews. We included studies that reported on at least one of the following aspects of EMR: information governance procedures for extracting data from EMR; EMR adoption; and the quality and consistency of EMR data.
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Medication errors are a major patient safety concern globally. It is important for healthcare organizations to address their prevalence and to understand their causes and contributory factors. This chapter provides an estimate of the numbers of medication errors that occur during patient management in the Arab region, and identifies some factors that could help to alleviate the problem and prevent their reoccurrence. A search of the PubMed database and other online resources was used to identify reports on medication safety in the Arab world from 2010 to 2020. Data on the rates of medication errors in hospitals and primary care facilities were obtained from articles published in English. A total of 338 articles were initially screened; of these, 135 articles met the inclusion criteria for the analysis and were read in full, while another 96 reports were obtained by manual searching. Despite the heterogeneity in the data among Arab countries, the prevalence of medication errors in the region is unusually high. The quality of studies varies among the Arab countries, indicating a wide gap in the quality of health care provided. A lack of knowledge, high workloads, communication failures, medication discrepancies, and a lack of medication safety programs are common factors contributing to medication errors in the Arab world.
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