There's lots of alternatives. One could use a permability tuned
oscillator. Use broad band sections (though preferably segments that
cover a full band rather than no filtering at all), so you just switch
filter sections as you move to the next band.
At this point in time, they aren't as handy as when you could easily fined
radios with variable capacitors, but there are still a lot of low value
low voltage variable capacitors out there. Probably more than enough for
most low level circuitry.
But, there will always be a time when you can't come up with an
alternative. High voltage variables for transmitting loops, or output
circuitry in a transmitter. Varactors won't work in that situation.
And that's when you'll need to make variable capacitors. At the best of
time those weren't readily available (likely requiring a special order)
and were relatively expensive. Now, they are outright expensive, if you
can find them.
Michael VE2BVW