"Ghazal ka Itihaas"
Amit Kelkar
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Ghazal kaa itihaas
==================
Faarsi se ghazal Urdu mein aayi| Urdu ka pehela shayar jiska kaavya-sankalan
(diwan) prakashit huva hai, vo hai Mohammad Kuli Kutubshah| Aap Dakan ke
baadshah the aur aapki shayari mein Faarsi ke alaawa Urdu aur us waqt ki Dakni
boli bhi shaamil thi|
Piya baaj pyaala piya jaaye na |
Piya baaj yak til jiya jaaye na ||
Kuli Kutubshah ke baad ke shayar hain Gavvasii, Vajahii, Bahari, aur kaii
anya| Is daur se Gujrati ghazal Vali Dakni tak aa pahuchi aur us samay tak
ghazal par chhaaii huii Dakni chaap kaafi kam ho gayi| Vali ne sarvapratham
ghazal ko acchi shayari ka darzaa diya aur Faarsi shayari ke barabar laa
khadaa kiya| Dakan ke lagbhag tamaan shayaron ki ghazalen bilkul seedhi
saadhi aur sugam shabdon ke maadhyam se huvaa karti thi.
Pehelaa Daur
============
Vali ke saath saath Urdu shayari Dakan se uttar ki oar aayi. Yahaa se Urdu
shayari ka pehela daur shuru hota hai| Us waqt ke shayar Aabru, Naaji,
Mazmoon, Haatim ityaadi the| In sab mein Vali ki shayari sabse acchi thi|
Is daur mein Urdu shayari mein Dakni shabd kaafi hadd tak kam ho gaye the|
Isi daur ke aakhir mein aanewale shayaron ke naam is prakaar hain| Mazahar
Jaane-Jaana, Saadulla `Gulshan', Khan `Aarzu' ityaadi| Yaqinan in sab ne
milkar Urdu shayari ko acchi tarakki di| Misaal ke taur par unke kuch sher
neeche diye gayen hain.
Ye hasrat reh gayi kis kis maze se zindagi karte|
Agar hota chaman apnaa, gul apnaa, baagbaan apnaa| Mazahar Jaane Jaana
Khuda ke vaaste isko na Toko|
Yahi ek sheher mein qaatil raha hai|| Mazahar Jaane Jaana
Jaan, tujh par kuch aitbaar nahin|
Ki zindagaani ka kya bharosa hai|| Khan Aarzu
Duusraa Daur
============
Is daur ke sab se mashhoor shayar hain `Mir' aur `Saudaa'| Is daur ko Urdu
shayari ka `SuvarNakaal' kahaa jaata hai| Is daur ke anya shayaron mein Mir
`Dard' aur Mir Ghulam Hassan ka naam bhi kaafi mashhoor tha| Is zamaane
mein uccha koTi ki ghazalen likkhi gayi jismein ghazal ki bhasha, ghazal ka
uddeshya aur uski nazuki ya najaakaton ko sawaaraa gaya| Mir ki shayari mein
dard kuch is tarah ubharaa ki usey dil aur dilli ka marsiya kaha jaane laga|
Dekh to dil ki jaan se uThtaa hai|
Ye dhuaan sa kahaa se uThtaa hai||
Dard ke saath saath Mir ki shayari mein nazakat bhi taareef ke qaabil thi.
Naazuki uske lab ki kya kahiye|
PankhuDi ik gulaab ki si hai||
`Mir' in neembaaz aakhon mein|
Saari masti sharaab ki si hai||
Is daur ki shayari ki ek aur mehettvapoorNa baat ye hai ki is zamaane ke
adhikaansh shayar sufi panth ke the| Isliye is daur ki ghazalon mein sufi
panth ke pavitra vichaaron ka vivaraN bhi milta hai|
Waqt ne karvaT badli aur Dilli ki saltanat ka chiraag TimTimaane laga.
Faizabad aur Lucknow mein, jahaa daulat ki bharmaar thi, shayar Dilli aur
doosri jagahon ko chhoDkar, ikaTthaa hone lage| Isii samay `Musahafi' aur
`Inshaa' ki apni nonk zhonk ke kaaraN Urdu shayari ki gambheertaa kam huyi|
`Jur-at' ne bilkul halki-phulki aur kabhi kabhi sasti aur ashleel shayari ki|
Is zamaane ki shayari ka andaaza aap in ashaar se lagaa sakte hain.
Kisi ke maharam-e-aab-e-rawaan ki yaad aayi|
Hubaab ke jo barabar kabhi hubaab aaya||
DupaTTe ko aage se duharaa na Odho|
Numuudaar cheezein chupaane se haasil||
Lekin ye to huyi `Inshaa', `Musahafi' aur `Jur-at' ki baat| Jahaa tak
Lakhnavi andaaz aur bayaan ka sawaal hai, uski buniyaad `Naasikh' aur
`Astish' ne Daali. Durbhagyavash in donon ki shayari mein bhi hriday aur man
ki komal taral bhavanaaOn ka bayaan kam hai aur sharirik utaar-chaDhaav,
banaav-singaar aur libaas ka varNan jyaada hai| Urdu shayari ab do andaazon
mein baT gayi, `Lakhnavi' aur `Dehelvi'| Dilli wale jahaan aashiq aur
maashooq ke hriday ki geheraaiyon mein zhaank rahe the, wahaa lakhnauu waale
mehboob ke jism, uski khoobsoorti banaav-singaar aur naaz-o-adaa par fidaa ho
rahe the| Dilli aur Lakhnau mein shayari jab is moD par thi, usii samay Dilli
mein `Zauq', `Ghalib' aur `Momin' Urdu ghazal ki paramparaOn ko aage baDhaane
mein juTe huve the| Ye kehena galat na hogaa ki `Ghalib' ne ghazal mein
daarshaniktaa bhari, `Momin' ne komaltaa paidaa ki aur `Zauq' ne bhasha ko
saaf-sutharaa, sugam aur aasaan banaaya| Leejiye in shayaron ke kuch sher
paDhiye.
Gham-e-hasti ka `Asad' kisse ho juz marg ilaaj|
Shamaa har rang mein jalti hai seher hone tak| Ghalib
Tum mere paas hote ho goyaa|
Jab koi duusraa nahin hota|| Momin
Laayi hayaat aaye, qazaa le chali, chale|
Apni khushi na aaye, na apni khushi chale|| Zauq
In teenon mahaan shayaron ke saath ek badnaseeb shayar bhi tha jisne zindagi
ke antim kshaNon mein vatan se duur kisi jail ki andheri koThari mein
laRkhaRaati zabaan se kahaa tha,
Kitnaa hai badnaseeb `Zafar' dafn ke liye|
Do gaz zameen bhi na mili kuu-e-yaar mein|| Bahadurshah Zafar
1857 mein Dilli ujaDi, Lakhnau barbaad huvaa| Aisho-aaraam aur shanti ke din
khatm huve| Shayar ab Dilli aur Lakhnau chhoD Rampur, Bhopal, MaTiyabrij aur
Haidrabad pahuch vahaa ke darbaaron ki shaan baDhaane lage| Ab Urdu shayari
mein Dilli aur Lakhnau ka mila-jula andaaz nazar aane lagaa| Is daur ke do
mashhoor shayar `Daag' aur `Amir Meenayi' hain|
Ye waqt angrezi hukumat ki giraft ka hote huve bhi bharatiya insaan aazaadi
ke liye chaTpaTa raha tha aur kabhi kabhi baghaavat bhi kar baiThtaa|
Jan-jeevan jaagrit ho raha tha| Aazaadi ke sapne dekhe ja rahe the aur
lekhani talwaar ban rahi thi| Ab ghazalon mein chaaritrya aur tatvadnyaan ki
baaten ubarne lagi| raashtriyataa yaani kaumi bhaavanaaOn par kavitaaE likkhi
gayi aur angrezi hukumat evam uski sanskriti par Dhake chupe lekin teekhe
vyangaatmak sher bhi likkhe jaane lage| Ab ghazal mein ishq ka kendra khuda
ya maashuk na hokar raashTra aur maatrubhuumi huyi| Iska mukhya uddeshya ab
aazaadi ho gayaa| `Haali', `Akbar Ilahabaadi', `Chakbist' aur `Iqbaal' is yug
ke jvalanta shayar hain|
Saare jahaan se acchaa hindustaan hamaara|
Hum bulbulen hain iski, ye gulsitaan hamaara||
`Iqbaal' ki ye nazm har bharatiya ki zabaan par hi aur aaj bhi hai| `Akbar'
ke vyanga bhi itna hi mashhoor hain| Lekin ek baat ka ullekh karna yahaa
zaroori hai ke in shayaron ne ghazalen kam aur nazmen athvaa kavitaaE zyaada
likkhi| Aur yaThaarTha mein ghazal ko sabse pehela dhakka yahi laga| Kuch
logon ne to ye socha ki ghazal khatm ki jaa rahi hai|
Lekin ghazal ki khushqismati kahiye ki uski Dagmagaathi naav ko `Hasrat',
`Jigar', `Faani', `Asgar GonDvi' jaise mahaan shayaron ne sambhaalaa, usey
nayi aur acchi dishaa dikhlaayi, dubaara zinda kiya aur usey phirse maqbool
kiya| `Jigar' aur `Hasrat' ne mehboob ko kaalpanik duniya se nikaalkar chalti
phirti duniya mein laakar khaDa kar diya| Purani shayari mein mehboob sirf
mehboob tha, kabhi aashiq na banaa tha| `Hasrat' aur `Jigar' ne mehboob ko
mehboob to maana saath hi usey ek sarvaang sampoorNa insaan bhi banaa diya
jisne doosron ko chaaha, pyar kiya aur dusron se bhi yahi apeksha ki|
Dopeher ki dhuup mein mere bulaane ke liye|
Woh tera koThe pe nange paav aana yaad hai|| Hasrat
Ghazal ka ye roop logon ko bohot bhaaya| Ghazal ab sahi arth mein jawaan
huyi|
In shayaron ke baad nayi nasl ke shayaron mein Firaaq, Nushuur, Jazbi,
Majaaz, Jaanisar Akhtar, Shakeel, Majrooh, Saahir, Hafiz Hoshiyarpuri, Qateel
Shifaai, Ibne Inshaa, Faiz Ahmed `Faiz', aur anya anekon ka zikra kiya ja
sakta hai| `Hafeez Jaalandhari' aur `Josh Malihabadi' ke ullekh ke baghair
Urdu shayari ka itihaas adhuura hoga| Ye sach hai ki in dinon shayaron ne
kavitaaEn (nazmen) zyaada likkhi aur ghazal kam| Lekin inka likkha huva
kaavya sangrah atyanta uccha koTi ka hai| `Josh' ki ek nazm, jo duusre
mahayudh ke waqt likhi gayi thi aur jismein Hitler ki taareef ki gayi thi,
angrezi hukumat ke dvaara unko jail bhijwaane ka kaaraN bani|
Faiz Ahmed `Faiz' ka zikra alag se karna anivaarya hai| Ye pehele shayar hai
jinhone ghazal mein raajneeti laayi aur saath saath zindagi ki sarvasaadharaN
uljhanon aur haqeeqaton ko baDi khoobi aur safaaii se pesh kiya,
Mataa-e-lauho qalam chhin gayi to kya gham hai|
Ki khoon-e-dil mein Dubo lii hain ungaliyaan maine ||
Jail ki seekhchon ke peeche qaid `Faiz' ke aazaad qalam ka ye namuna upar
likhi huyi baat ko puurNata: siddha karta hai|
Ghazal ka itihaas roz likha ja raha hai| Naye shayar ghazal ke kshitij par
roz ubhar rahe hain, aur ubharte rahenge| Apne fan se aur apni shayari se ye
kalaakaar ghazal ki ghazal ki duniya ko roshan kar rahe hain| BaDi khushi ki
baat hai ki ghazal ab Urdu ke alaava anya bhaashaOn mein bhi likhi jaa rahi
aur pasand ki jaa rahi hai|
Sangeet ko triveNi sangam kaha jaata hai| Is sangam mein teen baaten
anivaarya hain| Shabd, tarz aur aawaaz| Ghazal ki lokpriyataa is baat ki
pushTi karti hai ki acche shabd ke saath acchi tarz aur madhur aawaaz atyanta
anivaarya hai| Isiiliye ye nissankoch kahaa ja sakta hai ki ghazal ko dilkash
sangeet mein Dhaalne wale sangeetkaar aur usey behtareen Dhang se rasikon ke
aage pesh karne waale kalaakaar gaayak agar nahin hote to ghazal yaqeenan
kitaabon mein hi band rehkar ghut jaati, simaT jaati|
Dr. Arshad Jamaal
Porwal College
KaamThi
....from "Aaina-e-Ghazal", written by Dr Mrs Zarina Sani & Dr Vinay Waikar
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If anybody has any comments/disagreements/agreements on any aspect of the
above article, lets open this topic for discussion :-)
-amit
--
Kuup neer bin, dhenu cheer bin, dharti meha binaa,
Jaise taruvar phal vihina, taise praNi harinam bina, Sumiran Karle Mere Mana!
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