SATANIC RITUAL ABUSE
(SRA)
a.k.a. Cult Related Abuse, Ritual Abuse,
Ritualized Abuse, Sadistic Ritual Abuse, etc.
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Quotations:
"Never attribute to Devil-worshipping conspiracies what
opportunism, emotional instability, and religious bigotry are
sufficient to explain." Shawn Carlson, Ph.D
"I have observed that there were neither witches nor
bewitched in a village until they were talked and written
about." Alonso de Salazar
Topics covered in this section
Glossary of SRA Terms
Start of the SRA movement in the 1980's
Geographical spread of the SRA industry
Decline of the SRA industry
How widespread is SRA?
Books and other references that are skeptical on SRA
Books promoting belief in SRA
Internet resources on SRA
Glossary of SRA Terms:
Christian Ritual Abuse (CRA): Psychological, sexual, and/or
physical assault forced on an unwilling victim, which is committed
by one or more Christians according to a prescribed ritual The aim
of CRA is normally to drive demon(s) out of a possessed
individual. There is about 1 unintentional homicide per year in the
U.S. and Canada from CRA.
SRA Acronym for Satanic Ritual Abuse or, more recently,
Sadistic Ritual Abuse.
Satanic Ritual Abuse: Psychological, sexual, and/or physical
assault forced on an unwilling victim and committed by one or
more Satanists according to a prescribed ritual, the primary aim
of which is to fulfill the need to worship the Christian devil, Satan.
Note: This definition does not include:
non-Satanic abusive pedophiles who pretend to be Satanists
in order to gain better control of their victims through fear .
non-Satanic mass murderers who try to use the "Devil made
me do it" defense, but which have little or no knowledge of
Satanism.
psychotic and psychopathic abusers and murderers who are
driven to committing criminal acts by their mental illness, not
by any religious belief system.
Essays by other groups often define SRA more widely, to include
any crime where Satanic symbols are found, or even crimes by
perpetrators who have Satanic symbols or books in their home.
Common estimates of the number of SRA murders in the U.S. and
Canada cover the range from 0 to 50,000 per year.
Ritual abuse: A synonym for Sadistic Ritual Abuse.
Sadistic Ritual Abuse: Psychological, sexual, and/or physical
assault committed by one or more people according to a
prescribed ritual, whose primary motive is to either fulfill a need to
abuse others, or to program the victim so that they can be
precisely controlled in the future.
False memories: recollections (often recovered during therapy
which involves guided imagery, age regression and/or hypnotism)
which are:
of events that never happened, or are
distorted memories of real events.
They are indistinguishable from real memories.
Occult crime: Any crime which involves occult symbols or which
is perpetrated by a person who is active in the occult. Since the
term "occult" is defined very broadly by some to include
horoscope reading, palm readings, and other benign pursuits,
occult crime is very common.
Programming: (when related to SRA) a brain-washing technique
whose existence is in question. Its use would be intended to
perpetuate a group into the future or to create group members
with no self-will, who will behave like robots when triggered. It
would be accomplished by very severe abuse starting in early
childhood and continuing over a period of years.
Recovered memories: New memories (typically uncovered
during therapy by women in their late 20's to late 40's). Most are
of sexual molestation during childhood. These memories are
believed by some to be actively suppressed by the child shortly
after the event. Recovery is often a long-term and difficult
process. Others believe that these memories are not of real
events but are based upon memory fragments from horror
movies, books, TV programs etc. They evolve into memories by
either self-therapy or counseling with a therapist involving such
suggestive techniques as hypnotism, guided imagery, dream
analysis, imagining abuse, etc. In about 20% of cases, recovered
memories involve SRA.
Survivor: (when related to SRA, sadistic ritual abuse and
recovered memories) an adult who has memories of childhood
ritual abuse. The recollections may have been continuous since
the abuse occurred, or they may be recovered memories.
Triggers: A sound, word, phrase, image or symbol which
activates past programming in order to cause a SRA survivor to
perform a specific act.
Overview
Many in the social worker, therapist, conservative Christian and
police communities went through a "Satanic Panic," starting in
1980. They, and the rest of the public, believed that a
widespread, underground, secret network of Satanic cults were
kidnapping, sexually and physically abusing children, and
murdering them. In the United States and Canada, the scare
reached a peak in the early 1990's. It spread to other English
speaking countries from the U.S. The panic gradually declined
because of the lack of hard evidence. Belief in SRA had been
primarily based on false memories, induced by faulty adult
recovered memory therapy and child investigative techniques.
At the end of the 1990s, SRA lives on mainly in court cases where
victims of incompetent counseling are suing their therapists for
inducing false memories of SRA. Multi-million dollar settlements
have been reached in some cases. The concept of Multiple
Personality Disorder (now called Dissociative Identity Disorder)
was spun off from recovered memory therapy and SRA. It is also
in decline and should largely disappear by the year 2010.
There remain many individuals and groups who still attempt to
raise public awareness of SRA through seminars, Web pages,
articles, books, etc. They often teach that many benign, gentle
religious groups are abusing, mutilating, programming, and killing
children and adults. SRA is thus a religious tolerance concern,
because so much hatred and misinformation is directed by the
SRA industry at small religious groups.
Often forgotten are the victims of this panic:
Thousands of young children (now in their late teens or early
adulthood) who were convinced, by dangerous interview
techniques, that they were subjected to sexual torture
Hundreds of adults who were convicted of crimes and jailed
for which they were innocent -- in most cases crimes that
never happened.
An unknown number of adults who were victimized by
recovered memory therapy and multiple personality disorder,
who came to believe that they were Satanic abuse survivors,
became disabled, and in many cases, committed suicide
Followers of many benign faith groups who were targeted by
the SRA industry and labeled as child abuse perpetrators.
Start of the SRA industry, early 1980's :
SRA had been present at a low level for decades in many
Christian countries -- particularly among conservative Christians.
The latter generally believe in the existence of Satan as a living,
all-evil quasi-deity. Since God has the church to spread Christian
belief, it appeared logical to some that Satan would have a
corresponding organization of individuals dedicated to performing
evil.
Belief in SRA burst into prominence in North American in 1980
with the first SRA survivor book Michelle Remembers. It
described horrendous sexual and physical abuse allegedly
suffered by the co-author, Michelle Smith, as a child over a 5 year
interval. She described perpetrators as Satanists who felt that the
pain inflicted upon their victims increased their black magical
powers. The group also allegedly engaged in human sacrifice and
cannibalism. Michelle was presented as a documentary and was
followed by a number of copy-cat books. "...there has been no
verification of these events, and it has been discovered that the
alleged victim was attending school regularly, and was even
photographed for the school yearbook, at a time when she was
supposedly locked in a basement for months." 17
There were no documented cases of SRA survivors prior to 1980.
However, many such cases followed the publication of Michelle
Remembers. Court cases revealed abuse which were precisely
like (or almost identical to) Michelle's. Investigations by the
Wiccan Information Network revealed that the book is a hoax.
This was confirmed by a separate investigation conducted by the
authors of the book Satan's Silence. The rituals described by the
co-author Dr. Lawrence Pazder appeared to be linked to his
studies of African native religions.
A number of other survivor books were later published by
conservative Christian authors. The most influential were Satan's
Underground and He Came to Set the Captives Free. These have
since been analyzed by Evangelical groups and also found to be
frauds.
A industry developed to promote SRA awareness. Many
Evangelical or Fundamentalist Christians joined the
seminar/lecture/book circuit to promote the "Satanic Panic". The
most influential among these is Mike Warnke, who was also
exposed as a fraud by his fellow Evangelicals. These authors and
speakers often define the term Satanism to include many benign
religious faiths, such as Goddess Worship, New Age Spirituality,
Santeria, Wicca (Witchcraft) , etc. Each seminar leader can
spread religious suspicion, misinformation and intolerance in each
city that he/she visits. It can last for years.
Joining the SRA industry during the early 1980's were many police
officers, who were concerned that Satanists were literally getting
away with murder. It soon became obvious to them that no hard
evidence had ever been found which pointed to a Satanic
conspiracy. There were "no bodies, no bones, no bloodstains,
nothing" 18 Also, if survivors' testimony was true, then certain hard
evidence would have been readily detectable. The most famous
example are the non-existent tunnels under the McMartin
Preschool center in California. There is plenty of soft evidence of
SRA in the memories of hundreds of child survivors and tens of
thousands of adult survivors. Many experts believe that these are
false memories; children's memories having been created by
improper interview methods, and adult's memories generated by a
variety of suggestive therapeutic techniques. Everyone is in
agreement that the survivors very rarely lie; they are telling the
truth as they remember it to be. However, there is a growing
belief that those memories are not of real events. Most police
officers are now highly skeptical about the existence of SRA.
Also joining the SRA industry in the early 1980's were many
psychologists, psychiatrists, therapists, counselors -- particularly
feminists. Leaders were:
Kee MacFarlane of Children's Institute International. Her
agency interviewed hundreds of children involved in the
McMartin Preschool investigation. Her agency introduced
some new techniques to child interviews including
anatomically detailed dolls and hand puppets. Such methods
were later shown to be dangerous, as they often led to
disclosure of events that never happened.
Roland Summit who wrote a paper in 1978 called "The Child
Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome" (CSAAS). He
promoted the concept that children's stories of sexual abuse
must be totally believed, even though they sounded incredible
or physically impossible. However, children were not to be
believed if they later retracted their stores of abuse. 17 It was
only later that researchers proved that young children can
easily be influenced to describe events that never happened,
in response to direct and repeated questioning.
Pamela Hudson wrote a list of satanic symptoms and types
of ritual abuse which became very widely used among social
workers and counselors working in the SRA area. "These
included being locked in a cage, being buried in the ground
in a coffin or box, being tied upside down or hung from a
pole or hook, participating in a mock marriage, seeing
children or babies killed, having blood poured over them,
and being taken to churches and graveyards for ritual
abuse." 17
Various investigators believed that sexual abuse of children
could be detected from minute irregularities in the hymens of
girl victims, or the response of the child's anus to stimulation
These methods were based on examinations of known child
victims. It was only later that the studies were repeated on
children believed to not have been abused. The latter studies
proved the techniques to be without merit.
Various medical labs who reported STD bacteria growing in
the throats of children. Many results were later shown to be
false positives, triggered by benign bacteria often found in
children's throats.
It was a time when fundamental knowledge was lacking in the
field of human memory, childhood interviewing techniques, and the
frequency of child ritual abuse and sexual abuse. A new social
problem was "discovered" -- multiple victim, multiple offender
sexual abuse. This took the form many abusive pedophiles
abusing dozens of children in a single day-care center or
preschool. It frequently involved a large percentage of female
perpetrators -- an almost unheard of factor in previous cases.
Hard data was absent. Beliefs, unverified techniques and
impressions by popular professionals became gospel truth. As
research findings became available, the SRA industry began to
collapse.
TV shows including Geraldo, 20-20, Sally etc. gave an immense
boost to the SRA industry. Many fraudulent authors and seminar
leaders were guests on these programs. The books, seminars
and TV programs combined to develop a low level of public
hysteria which continues to this day. A simple rumor of SRA often
triggered a full-fledged "Satanic Panic". 62 such panics were
documented by one author in North America from 1982 to 1992. 4
Geographical spread of the SRA Industry
A number of Americans were largely responsible in propagating
the Satanic Panic among English-speaking countries:
Pamela Klein, a rape crisis worker from Illinois created a list
of satanic abuse indicators which she believed were present
in child SRA victims. They included "bed wetting, nightmares,
and a preoccupation with feces, urine and flatulence." 17
She moved to England in 1985 and became a frequent
lecturer at social worker and police conferences. In 1990,
she spoke to a sexual abuse conference in New Zealand.
Ray Wyre, an associate of Klein helped spread the panic to
Australia and New Zealand.
Mitchell Whitman, a Christian sexual abuse therapist from the
U.S., visited a number of New Zealand agencies in 1991.
Pamela Hudson was invited to Chrstchurch New Zealand by
the Campbell Centre in 1993.
Roland Summit was invited to New Zealand by the Doctors
for Sexual Abuse Care.
Summit, MacFarlane and others visited Australia in 1986 to
give papers at the Sixth International Conference on Child
Abuse and Neglect. This conference kick-started the SRA
industry in Australia. Within two months, the famous Mr.
Bubbles case emerged; it bore many similarities to the
McMartin case.
These appearances in England, Australia and New Zealand led to
the formation of national ritual child abuse groups which promoted
the SRA industry in their countries. Many were government
funded.
Decline of the SRA industry:
Governments became alarmed at the level of public fear about
SRA. During 1991, the State of Virginia investigated SRA and
found none. During 1994, the Federal Governments of Great
Britain and of the Netherlands conducted extensive inquiries and
also found none. Most recently, a US government study obtained
input from over 10,000 therapists, social workers, police offices,
DA offices and social service agencies. They uncovered one
possible case of SRA.
It has been almost 20 years since the panic began. Many lurid
headlines have been published; many disturbing books have been
written; many seminars have been held. But no hard evidence has
been discovered that shows that a Satanic conspiracy exists. In
the meantime, researchers into the processes of human memory
have determined how false memories can be created during
therapy when it employs unreliable methods for memory recovery,
including hypnosis.
A scan of the Medline and PsycINfo data bases for articles (both
credulous and skeptical) on SRA yielded the following total
number of articles by year:
1984 1 article
1986 1 article
1987 1 article
1989 3 article
1990 22 article
1992 36 article
1993 21 article
1995 16 article
It would appear that at least professional interest in SRA peaked
about 1992 and that interest has since dropped of considerably.
Many advocates of SRA have realized that there simply are not
enough Satanists in North America to account for all of the abuse
that they believe is happening. They are now blaming ritual abuse
on secret cults, criminal gangs, self-help groups, mutual support
groups, Christian, Jewish and Pagan religious groups, secret
Government agencies, the CIA, etc. The fear and harm generated
by promoters towards innocent, helping groups cannot be
calculated. Meanwhile, some governments are involved in the
promotion of public hysteria and intolerance. The Ontario
Government, for example, funded many SRA seminars during the
mid-1990s.
Belief in SRA by professionals is currently in decline everywhere in
English speaking countries -- rapidly in the U.S. and Canada, and
less so elsewhere. By 2010 it will probably only be common
among conservative Christian circles.
Book and other references which are skeptical of
SRA:
1.Robert Hicks, "In Pursuit of Satan: The police and the
occult," Prometheus Books, Buffalo, (1991) (studies
misguided police investigations; exposes what he calls cult
cops - police officers with religious agendas). Read reviews
or order this book safely from Amazon.com online book
store.
2.Debbie Nathan & Michael Snedeker, Satan's Silence: Ritual
Abuse and the Making of a Modern American Witch Hunt,"
Basic Books, (1995). This book is out of print.
3.James Richardson et al, The Satanism Scare, Aldine de
Gruyter, New York, 1991 (18 chapters written by various
social service specialists) Review/order this book
4.Jeffrey Victor, "Satanic Panic: The creation of a
contemporary legend," Open Court, Chicago, 1993
(examination of the satanic cult hysteria; how rumors become
publicly accepted fact; documents dozens of Satanic panics)
Review/order this book
5.E. Goldstein & Kevin Farmer, "Confabulations: Creating false
memories, destroying families," Upton Books, Boca Raton
FL, (1995). It describes destruction of families as a result of
therapists creating false memories of childhood sexual abuse.
Review/order this book
6.Lawrence Wright, Remembering Satan, Knopf, New York,
1994 (Story of one family's disintegration due to false
recovered memories). Review/order this book
7.M. Hertenstein & J. Trott, "Selling Satan, the tragic history of
Mike Warnke," Cornerstone Press, Chicago, 1993 (Expose
of the fraudulent claims of Mike Warnke, the Christian
seminar leader most responsible for spreading the Satanic
Panic throughout North America). Review/order this book
8.Mark Pendergrast, "Victims of Memory, Sex abuse
accusations and shattered lives," Second Edition, Upper
Access, Hinesburg VT, (1996). (Discusses the unreliability of
recovered memories and deals with some ritual abuse
cases). Review/order this book
9.Hollida Wakefield & Ralph Underwager, Return of the Furies,
Open Court Publishers, 1994. (Discusses recovered
memories, and Satanic ritual abuse) Review/order this book
10.John Earl, article in Issues in Child Abuse Accusations,
journal published 1995-AUG, Institute for Psychological
Therapies, 13200 Cannon City Blvd., Northfield, MN 55057,
$15 USF; $20 USF (foreign)
11.Colin Ross, Satanic Ritual Abuse: Principles of Treatment,
University of Toronto Press; Toronto, Buffalo, London (1995).
(It asserts that perhaps only 10% of the recovered memories
of Multiple Personality Disorder (Dissociative Identity
Disorder) have any basis in reality, and that the latter are
distorted recollections of Christian exorcism rituals, KKK
activities, or rituals by isolated Satanic groups). Review/order
this book
12.Wiccan Information Network, WIN INTELLIGENCE REPORT,
SAMHAIN 1993 Wiccan Information Network, PO Box 2422,
Main Post Office, Vancouver BC, V6B 3W7 Canada
13.Television program "The Search for Satan" was broadcast by
PBS's Frontline program on 1995-OCT-24. It dealt with the
extensive use of drugs, physical restraints and suggestive
therapy techniques to convince patients that they were
involved in multi-generational Satanic groups. Video copies at
US$ 78.45 and transcripts at US$12.00 are available from
Journal Graphics, 1-800-825-5746, Extension 322 (Rebecca
Larson).
14.A.U. Bottoms et al, "An Analysis of Ritualistic and
Religion-Related Child-Abuse Allegations", Law and Human
Behavior. V. 20, # 1, 1996-Feb., pp. 1-34. Authors conducted
a stratified random sample survey of clinical members of the
American Psychological Association. They found that only a
minority of those who responded had encountered ritual
abuse in their clients. Evidence (particularly in cases of child
ritual abuse reported by adults) is questionable.
15.Various authors, "Journal of Psychohistory", vol. 24, #4,
(1994-Spring). Has one skeptical article followed by a series
of articles by believers in SRA
16.J.M Feldman, et al., "Stranger Than Fiction: When Our
Minds Betray Us," American Psychiatric Press, Washington
DC, (1998). Review/order this book
17.Michael Hill, "Satan's excellent adventure in the Antipodes."
at: http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume10/j10_9.htm
18.R Waterhouse, "The making of a satanic myth," The
Independent on Sunday, 1990-AUG-12, Pages 8 to 9.
Quoted in Reference 17,
Books promoting belief in SRA and Ritual Abuse
Beckylane, "Where the rivers join: A personal account of
healing from ritual abuse," Press Gang Publ., (1995) You
can read reviews and/or order this book safely from
Amazon.com
Rebecca Brown:
"He came to set the captives free," Whitaker House,
(1993). This is an immensely popular book. It is In the
top 7,500 of all books sold by Amazon.com Read 78
reviews/order this book
"Prepare for war," Whitaker House, (1993). This is a
very popular book. Rated about 20,000 among the
millions of all books sold by Amazon.com Read 24
reviews/order this book
"Becoming a vessel of honor," Whittaker House, (1993)
Read 15 reviews/order this book
Anna Richardson, "Double vision: A travelogue of recovery
from ritual abuse," Trilogy books, (1997) Review/order this
book
E.P. Rose, "Reaching for the light: A guide for ritual abuse
survivors and their therapists," Pilgrim Press, (1996)
Review/order this book
Valerie Sinason, Ed., "Treating survivors of Satanist Abuse,"
Routledge, (1994) Review/order this book
Michelle Smith & Lawrence Pazder, "Michelle Remembers,"
(Reissued 1989), Pocket Books. (This is the novel that
started the Satanic panic.) Review/order this book
J. Spencer, A. Fowler, "Satan's high priest," a true story,"
Pocket Books, (1998) Review/order this book
Lauren Stratford & Johanna Michaelson, "Satan's
Underground: The extraordinary story of one woman's
escape," Pelical Publ. (Reissued 1991) Review/order this
book
Internet resources
There are many self-help, Christian and other groups who believe
in the widespread nature of Satanic Ritual Abuse.
You can consult: http://www.xroads.com/rahome/ for
information from one group which supports people with
memories of abuse. They have an extensive list of ritual
abuse related links at:
http://www.xroads.com/rahome/relat_hp.htm
A page promotes the idea that SRA exists, but is not as
common. See
http://www.iccom.com/usrwww/jlquan/consolid.htm
The International Council on Cultism and Ritual Trauma is
at: http://www.flash.net/~riders99/main.html
There are some skeptical Internet sites as well which consider
SRA to be non-existent (or almost non-existent)
Charles Nemo, "Serial murders and the Satanic/Ritualistic
crimes myth," at:
http://members.aol.com/Karol666/page7/serial.htm
A list of skeptical web sites dealing with Satanic Ritual Abuse
and Childhood Sexual Abuse can be found at:
http://www.ags.uci.edu/~dehill/witchhunt
Mary deYoung, "Sociological Views on the controversial
issue of Satanic Ritual Abuse: Three faces of the devil," at:
http://www.aaets.org/arts/art26.htm She analyses SRA as
subversion ideology, rumor panic, and contemporary legend.
Answers in Action, a Christian resource, is skeptical of SRA.
This home page contains an excellent review of the history of
SRA beliefs and lists many indicators of its non-existence.
See: http://answers.org/m_Satan.html
Major re-write: 1999-OCT-15
Author: B.A. Robinson
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