Someone mentioned not enough credit being given to the Achilles'
tendon. The State article, q.v., has
... the work of Harvard anthropologist Daniel Lieberman and
University of Utah biologist Dennis Bramble. They jointly proposed
in a 2004 paper that we're superlatively endowed by evolution to
go long. Our long-striding legs are packed with springlike
tendons, muscles, and ligaments that enable us to briefly store
elastic energy as we come down on a foot and then recoil to help
propel us forward. Tellingly, the most important of these springs,
our big, strong Achilles tendons, aren't found in early
human precursors such as Australopithecus--it seems that
the high-end tendons evolved along with other adaptations for
distance running in the genus Homo when it appeared on the African
savannah about 2 million years ago.
We've inherited large leg and foot joints from those ancestors,
which spread out high forces that must be absorbed when
running. To help ensure stability on two legs, we have big gluteus
maximus muscles. (Chimps, which are incapable of distance running,
have comparatively tiny butts.) Our clever torsos are designed to
"counter-rotate" versus the hips as we run, also aiding
stability. And we have an unusually large percentage of
fatigue-resistant, slow-twitch muscle fibers, which make for
endurance rather than speed. By contrast, most animals are geared
for sprinting because they're either predators that chase or prey
that run away, and their muscles thus have much higher percentages
of fast-twitch fibers than ours. (Cheetahs' hind-leg muscles are
the fast-twitch-richest of all.)
But what most sets us apart as runners is that we're really
cool--we naked apes are champion sweaters and can dissipate body
heat faster than any other large mammal.
The entire article I find fascinating -- I think it's well worth
reading.
In article <
20130825.192...@i-m-t.demon.co.uk>,
>>And SF never gives us credit for the things that humans ARE unique
>>for or best at on Earth.
My listing only physical things and omitting anything with
intelligence, culture, language, et cetera, was a bit tongue in cheek
... but there's a long-standing notion that humans aren't good at
anything physically. (I remember a fable from T. H. White's _The Once
and Future King_, about the creation of animals and Man.)
>>- We can throw more accurately than anything else on Earth: using a
>> limb to project an object well out of reach. Archerfish can shoot
>> very accurately but can shoot only water. A frog can catch ... out
>> to the length of its tongue.
>
> - as can a chameleon, to a considerably greater distance,
> its tongue being a lot longer in comparison for a given
> size of animal
I specified "well out of reach" for that sort of reason. Further, a
chameleon cannot deliver a fasttongue from the pitcher's mound to home
plate -- I didn't mention proportionality to body size.
> - there are other species that can match our cursive
> abilities - most obviously, horses and dogs
You mean "cursorial", and you appear to be incorrect.
http://www.slate.com/articles/sports/sports_nut/2012/06/long_distance_running_and_evolution_why_humans_can_outrun_horses_but_can_t_jump_higher_than_cats_.html
Dogs can gallop for only about 10 to 15 minutes before reverting
to a trot, and so their distance-running speed tops out at about
3.8 meters per second. Horses' average distance-running speed is
5.8 meters per second--a canter. Wildebeests' is 5.1 meters per
second.
Elite human runners, however, can sustain speeds up to 6.5 meters
per second. Even run-of-the-mill joggers typically do between 3.2
and 4.2 meters per second, which means they can outrun dogs at
distances greater than two kilometers.
Our "sustainable distance" is also hard to beat. African hunting
dogs typically travel an average of 10 kilometers a day. Wolves
and hyenas tend to go about 14 and 19 kilometers, respectively. In
repeated distance runs, horses can cover about 20 kilometers a
day. Vast throngs of human runners, by comparison, routinely run
42.2-kilometer marathons in just a few hours, and each year tens
of thousands of people complete ultra-marathons of 100 kilometers
and longer. (A few animals can match that under special
circumstances. Huskies can trot up to 100 kilometers in Arctic
conditions when forced to by people. But in warmer climes--no
way.)
> - we communicate ideas and concepts, including dangers and
> opportunities, regarding experiences the recipients of the
> information have never before experienced, and not only those
> which were completely new to us - we're capable of describing
> experiences and their dangers not only that we have never met,
> but which may not yet exist;
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/science/26crow.html
Crows can recognize human faces, when the humans wearing those faces
-- or, in this case, masks -- had done something that they didn't
like. And many more do the scolding behavior than saw the original
disturbing behavior. And when the mask is switched to new people, the
crows follow the mask. (The NYT story says it was a caveman mask, but
later researched used masks of real people's faces. I didn't see a
mention about whether they distinguish the mask of Scott from Scott
himself.)
--
Tim McDaniel,
tm...@panix.com