Today I tested on another PC, with another version, another keyboard and another operating system and even another window manager - so basically everything is different.
However, it works on that machine.
Interestingly enough, I can see that Windows shows me that I'm using ENG-INTL keyboard layout in the taskbar.
This was not the case when I connected from my workstation.
On the machine I'm right now, I had to download the en-us-intl layout from github, as the version installed there is pretty old (1.8.3 from CentOS - not sure why the intl layout is not in there?).
There are slightly different keyboard settings though:
options: terminate:ctrl_alt_bksp
I'll further test if the version or my options in the xkbmap are the culprit.
Nevertheless, if someone has a clue what could be wrong, please give me a hint ;)
best regards
Sebastian