Jim
Just Google "TPU inner tubes" and you'll see lots of them. They are "the new thing" on the market in the way of very light weight and very compact tubes. They span a bewildering price range. People claim they can get them on Ali Express for under $1, and they go all the way up to >$30 each, but all claim to use the same TPU material which is a poly-urethane.
One use case for TPU tubes is for mountain bikers running tubeless. If they have a puncture that doesn't seal, they need a tube, which means packing a tube you'll "never" use. TPU tubes being the lightest and smallest packing makes them desirable. That use-case means you limp home and then throw away the tire and the tube and install a new tire, tubeless again. In that use case, the TPU tube only needs to work for a few hours, and some people report their budget TPU tubes stop holding air after a couple rides.
Ted did a long thread documenting his experience with Rene Herse TPU tubes, and in a word it was terrible. He had either exactly a 50% success rate, or maybe it was even worse than that. I think he's installed 8 or them and at least 4 did not hold air: almost immediate failure. He got at least some warranty consideration from Rene Herse, but I believe Ted was utterly soured to TPU tubes broadly. Many people responding to the thread used Ted's bad experience to convince them to never try TPU tubes.
For what it's worth, I also participated in that thread and have had ~perfect experience with Rene Herse TPU tubes. They are light, they pack small, and they hold air in my experience, and they ride well, but I'm just one data point.
Assuming both TPU tubes and latex tubes perform their basic function of holding air, the things that are supposed to be preferable about TPU tubes are:
1. a little lighter than latex
2. packs smaller than latex
3. holds air longer than latex
That's the general idea. In Ted's documented experience, TPU tubes fail to perform their basic function too often, and that's part of why he's returning to latex, which people have used for decades. I use all three interchangeably: butyl, latex, and TPU. FWIW.
BL in EC