Hi John,
I'd be interested to hear more about your intended situation - one thing you haven't mentioned is how long you expect to be out?
Based on my backpacking experience, a phone in airplane mode but with GPS location enabled can be left powered on and used for intermittent navigation checks for days at a time. This assumes 1) the navigation app and/or settings being used aren't actively tracking and only obtaining and displaying location when the phone is actively being used / the screen is on, and 2) that you generally know the roads/trails you are and should be on and just need intermittent checks.
I use geospatial PDFs as described here:
https://sectionhiker.com/how-to-navigate-with-geopdf-maps/ and create them with CalTopo as described here:
https://sectionhiker.com/how-to-make-geopdf-maps-in-caltopo/
I do still pack a battery pack for recharge in case my phone drains quicker than I expect for some reason. As Bill said, battery size (mAh) gives you more recharges; charging speed is controlled by amp output of the pack. You can always use the phone while it is charging from the pack (as long as the phone has the minimum charge it needs to operate).
I really only navigate this way when hiking (combined with paper maps for redundancy). When riding I prefer always on navigation and turn by turn directions to avoid frequent stops to check location, but I suppose that's driven by the type and location of rides I'm doing. In a long-haul touring situation I could probably adapt to some kind of hybrid method.
-Dave