Realidades 4 Workbook Answers

[Tatsuya Deals]

Thisresearch analyzes the effects of the density of nonprofit organizations and government-nonprofit collaboration on human development and income inequality in Brazil. Governance studies assume that government-nonprofit collaboration leads to improved societal outcomes. This research tests this hypothesis in 5,562 Brazilian municipalities using ordinary least squares regressions and spatial models. Spatial analysis enables the identification of specific effects occurring across different regions. The rate of contracts between the federal government and nonprofits in each Brazilian municipality is associated with the decrease of income inequality, but it is also significantly associated with a lower level of human development. The density of nonprofits from different fields of activity presents diverse relations with human development and inequality. These results enable a more realistic analysis of governance arrangements, considering their impact over communities and the local realities.

Esta pesquisa analisa os efeitos da densidade de organizaes sem fins lucrativos (ONGs) e da colaborao entre governo e ONGs no desenvolvimento humano e na desigualdade de renda no Brasil. Estudos de governana afirmam que a colaborao do governo com ONGs leva a melhores resultados sociais. Esta pesquisa testa essa hiptese em 5.562 municpios brasileiros usando modelos lineares e espaciais. Anlises espaciais permitem a identificao de efeitos especficos ocorrendo em diferentes regies. A taxa de convnios entre o governo federal e ONGs em cada municpio brasileiro est associada a uma diminuio da desigualdade de renda, porm est tambm associada a uma significativa queda do nvel de desenvolvimento humano. A densidade de ONGs de diferentes reas de atividade apresenta diversas relaes com desenvolvimento humano e desigualdade. Esses resultados permitem uma anlise mais realista de arranjos de governana, considerando seus impactos nas comunidades e as realidades locais.

Esta investigacin analiza los efectos de la densidad de organizaciones sin fines de lucro (ONGs) y de la colaboracin entre gobierno y ONGs en el desarrollo humano y desigualdad de renta en Brasil. Estudios de gobernanza afirman que la colaboracin del gobierno con ONGs resulta en mejores resultados sociales. La investigacin prueba esa hiptesis en 5.562 municipios brasileos utilizando modelos de regresin lineales y espaciales. Los anlisis espaciales permiten la identificacin de efectos especficos en distintas regiones. La tasa de acuerdos entre el gobierno federal y las ONGs en cada ciudad brasilea se asocia con la disminucin de la desigualdad de ingresos, pero tambin se asocia significativamente con un menor nivel de desarrollo humano. La densidad de ONG de diferentes campos de actividad tiene diferentes relaciones con el desarrollo humano y la desigualdad. Esos resultados permiten un anlisis ms realista de acuerdos de gobernanza, considerando sus impactos en las comunidades y las realidades locales.

Thus, this analysis evaluates the benefits for society in terms of human development and inequality variation. Human development is related to indicators of health, education, and income generation, while inequality reveals structural patterns in the society. These measures capture both the effect of NPOs service provision, and the results regarding advocacy or actions toward structural changes.

The present study is focused on NPOs, but it brings arguments that may also support public administrators, researchers, and other private actors, given that cross-sectoral arrangements are often suggested by and to these actors. While there are many analyses of governance in the United States and Europe (Brzel, 2012; Cornforth, Hayes and Vangen, 2015CORNFORTH, Chris; HAYES, John Paul; VANGEN, Siv. Nonprofit-public collaborations understanding governance dynamics. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, v. 44, n. 4, p. 775-795, 2014.), there is less information about governance in the global South, and in countries with a reduced state capacity (Risse, 2013RISSE, Thomas. Governance without a state?: policies and politics in areas of limited statehood. Nova York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2013.). Thus, this study contributes to fill this gap by analyzing governance arrangements and their social impact in all 5,562 Brazilian municipalities.1 1 Brazil had 5,570 municipalities in 2015. This paper does not include six municipalities created since 2010, besides Fernando de Noronha and Ilhabela. These islands are not relevant in terms of population and cannot be easily included in the spatial analysis (Anselin and Rey, 2014).

The methodology adopted here includes tests for spatial autocorrelation, OLS regressions and spatial models (Anselin and Rey, 2014ANSELIN, Luc; REY, Sergio J. Modern spatial econometrics in practice: a guide to GeoDa, GeoDaSpace and PySAL. Chicago: GeoDa Press LLC, 2014.). Results indicate that municipalities with higher rates of government-NPOs collaborations in Brazil are associated with a decrease in income inequality from the years 2000 to 2010, and are also associated with a decrease in human development in the same period. That is, partnerships between the federal government and NPOs may contribute to a more equal society, but are detrimental to human development. It is not clear what causes this relationship, but it may indicate that social service provision through government-NPOs collaborations contributes to income redistribution, but is less efficient than alternative forms of providing social services, such as direct provision from the government. Moreover, the results regarding density of NPOs vary according to the different fields of activity. NPOs from several fields of activity are associated to a decrease in the level of human development, but advocacy groups and professional associations have a positive relationship with such indicator. Professional associations are also the only field associated with a reduction in income inequality. Tests reveal spatial effects in human development and inequality. Spatial methods show that human development extends from one municipality to another, and that regional factors may be influencing inequality in different parts of the country. These findings should not be considered as conclusive causal relationships. There are many complex variables affecting human development and inequality. The significant statistical associations, however, challenge the argument that collaboration is always a desirable policy. Qualitative studies are needed to explain the relationships found.

This paper is structured in five sections. First, there is a literature review on government-NPOs collaboration and governance, emphasizing research related to the expected outcomes of these arrangements. The second presents method and data used in the research. The third section describes the key elements of the third sector in Brazil, presenting the results from exploratory analysis. The fourth section presents the results from spatial models, associating indictors with different fields of nonprofit activity and collaborative arrangements. The final section presents the implications of this study, questions for further analysis, and highlights research limitations.

Generally, the governance literature assumes that collaboration between different sectors leads to improved outcomes for the society when compared to organizations working in isolation from one another (Milward and Provan, 2000MILWARD, H. Brinton; PROVAN, Keith G. Governing the hollow state. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, v. 10, n. 2, p. 359-380, 2000.; Salamon, 2002SALAMON, Lester M. Te new governance andthe tools of public action: an introduction. In: SALAMON, Lester M. (Ed.). Te tools of government: aguide to the new governance. Oxford, UK: OxfordUniversity Press, 2002.; Salamon and Toepler, 2015SALAMON, Lester M.; ANHEIER, Helmut K. Civilsociety in comparative perspective. In: SALAMON,Lester M. et al. Global civil society: dimensions of thenonproft sector. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Centerfor Civil Society Studies, 1999. p. 3-39.). The choice of collaborative arrangements, however, involves those who participate and how they influence the policies that are carried out (Salamon, 2002SALAMON, Lester M. Te new governance andthe tools of public action: an introduction. In: SALAMON, Lester M. (Ed.). Te tools of government: aguide to the new governance. Oxford, UK: OxfordUniversity Press, 2002.). Each form of collaboration between the government and NPOs changes the system of accountability, affects the legitimacy, and creates new management challenges for the different actors involved (Salamon, 2002SALAMON, Lester M. Te new governance andthe tools of public action: an introduction. In: SALAMON, Lester M. (Ed.). Te tools of government: aguide to the new governance. Oxford, UK: OxfordUniversity Press, 2002.; Banks, Hulme and Edwards, 2015BANKS, Nicola; HULME, David; EDWARDS, Michael. NGOs, states, and donors revisited: still too close for comfort? World Development v. 66, p. 707-718, 2015.). Thus, it is important to know whether or not a governance arrangement delivers the intended societal benefit, justifying eventual inefficiencies during the process.

The arguments previously presented generate an expectation that government-NPOs collaborations funded by the government have benefits in terms of HDI through the expansion of social service provision, but remove NPOs from actions that promote rights for the citizens, limiting their impact on inequalities (Neal, 2008NEAL, Rachael. The importance of the state: political dimensions of a nonprofit network in Oaxaca, Mexico. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, v. 37, n. 3, p. 492-511, 2007.; Banks et al., 2015BANKS, Nicola; HULME, David; EDWARDS, Michael. NGOs, states, and donors revisited: still too close for comfort? World Development v. 66, p. 707-718, 2015.).

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