Ayat Al Ahkam

[Ping Weafer]

Accordingto some hadiths, one-fourth of the Qur'an is concerned with the rulings of Sharia, and according to some others, one-third of the Qur'an consists of ayat al-ahkam. It is widely believed by Shiite jurists that there are five hundred such verses (about one-thirteenth of the Qur'an). However, others believe that no exact number can be given of how many ayat al-ahkam there are, because one jurist might glean a jurisprudential ruling from a Qur'anic verse, while another jurist does not. The lengthiest Qur'anic verse is a verse concerning jurisprudential rulings: the Qur'an 2:282, known as the Verse of Debt (al-Dayn Verse).

Religious rulings refer to practical rulings (such as the rules of prayer, fasting, jihad and zakat), not moral or theological rules. It is commonly known that five hundred verses of the Qur'an are among the verses of rulings which contain issues on jurisprudence.

The Qur'an is the primary and the most essential source for jurisprudence. According to hadiths, from the time of the Prophet (s), referring to the Qur'an and deducing rulings from its verses was common among the companions of the Prophet (s) and Imams (a). Also, in some cases, Imams (a) explained the rulings for people with reference to the verses of the Qur'an. The first work about the verses of rulings was written by Muhammad b. Sa'ib Kalbi (d. 146/763-4), a companion of Imam al-Baqir (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a).

Many books have been written about verses of ruling, the titles of many of which are "Ayat al-ahkam". The authors of these works categorized them into some categories based on their characteristics; for example, they placed the verses which contained several rules in one category and the verses which contain one rule in one group. It is said that some verses of rulings were abrogated and new rules replaced them, such as the verse of Najwa.

Verses of the Qur'an in which a ruling is (explicitly) mentioned or from which a religious ruling can be deduced are called "Ayat al-ahkam" (verses of ruling)[1] or "fiqh al-Qur'an".[2] Religious rulings refer to practical rulings (such as the rules of prayer, fasting, jihad and zakat), not moral or theological rules.[3] It is to mention that the title "Ayat al-ahkam" is a common title for many books which have discussed about verses of ruling.[4]

The Qur'an is the primary and most essential source and reference for Islamic jurisprudence.[6] There are many verses and hadiths which introduce the Qur'an as a source for knowing religion and a book containing the permissible and the impermissible.[7] However, some Shi'a known as Akhbaris believe that the only source and reference for accessing religious rulings is hadiths, and the Qur'an should be learned through hadiths and referring directly to the Qur'an and using it independently of the commentary of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) is forbidden.[8]

All the details of religious rulings are not mentioned in the Qur'an. In the Qur'an, general rulings of religion are mentioned, the details of which can be learned from the hadiths of the Infallible Ones (a).[9] For example, the rule about the obligation of daily prayers can be deduced from the verses of the Qur'an, but the number of its rak'as, its foundational elements and the dhikrs to be recited in them are mentioned in hadiths.

According to what is mentioned in hadiths,[10] referring to the Qur'an and deducing rulings from its verses began from the time of the Prophet (s) and the revelation of the Qur'an; and it was generally a common practice among the companions of the Prophet (s) and Imams (a).

Shi'a jurists have always referred to the Qur'an and jurisprudential verses for deducing religious rulings; but, the history of compilation and writing independent works about verses of rulings go back to the second/eighth century. It is said that the first book in this regard was written by Muhammad b. Sa'ib Kalbi (d. 146/763) who was among the companions of Imam al-Baqir (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a).[12]

There are different views about the number of the verses of ruling. In some hadiths, it is mentioned that one-fourth of the Qur'an deals with religious rulings[13] and in some others, it is said that one-third of the verses do so.[14] It is commonly believed among Shi'a jurists that the verses of rulings are five hundred verses (about one-thirteenth of the verses of the Qur'an). However, it is said that no exact number can be said in this regard, because it is possible that a jurist deduces a ruling from a verse, but another jurist does not.[15] It is also considered possible that the first person who mentioned the number five hundred was Maqatil b. Sulayman (d. 150/767).[16] The longest verse among the verses of rulings is also the longest verse of the Qur'an. It is verse 282 of Qur'an 2 which is known as the verse of Dayn.

About the topics of the verses of ruling, it is also said that with a brief review of the topics and issues mentioned in Ayat al-ahkam and Fiqh al-Qur'an books, it can be understood that these topics are those which have been mentioned and discussed in the science of jurisprudence and jurisprudential works; topics including purity, prayer, fasting, khums, zakat, marriage and inheritance.[17]

Shi'a scholars believe that abrogation happened about some verses of the Qur'an; however, they have disagreements over which verses were abrogated. Abrogation means "replacement of a ruling by another ruling revealed later, so that if the second ruling did not reveal, the first ruling would remain effective until the Day of Judgement". The Qur'an itself has spoken about abrogation in two verses (Qur'an 2:106 and Qur'an 16:101).[22] Shi'a scholars have accepted the abrogation of one verse with another verse; but, very few have accepted that the Qur'an would be abrogated with hadiths.[23]

Ayat al-Ahkam (bahasa Arab:آيات الأحكام) atau Fiqhul Qur'an (فقه القرآن) adalah ayat-ayat dari Alquran yang didalamnya menjelaskan mengenai hukum syar'i atau menetapkan (istinbat) hukum syar'i berdasarkan ayat-ayat tersebut. Yang dimaksud dengan hukum syar'i adalah hukum-hukum fikih praktis (ahkam amali) (seperti hukum salat, zakat dan jihad), bukan hukum yang berkenaan dengan akidah (i'tiqad) dan juga bukan mengenai akhlak. Ayat-ayat yang masyhur sebagai bagian dari ayat-ayat ahkam terdapat 500 ayat dari Alquran.

Alquran adalah sumber pertama dan utama dari hukum-hukum fikih. berdasarkan berbagai riwayat, sejak periode Nabi Muhammad saw dikalangan para sahabat Nabi Muhammad saw sudah terkenal bahwa untuk memperoleh hukum-hukum praktis agama maka mereka merujuk ke Alquran. Demikian pula Aimmah as menjelaskan hukum syar'i kepada umat dengan bersumber dan bersandar pada ayat-ayat Alquran. Kitab pertama yang ditulis mengenai ayat-ayat ahkam adalah karya Muhammad bin al-Sāib al-Kalbi (W. 146 H/763), ia adalah salah seorang sahabat Imam Baqir as dan Imam Shadiq as.

Telah banyak kitab yang ditulis mengenai fikih Alquran dan kebanyakan diberi judul Ayat-ayat Ahkam. Para penulis dari kitab-kitab tersebut mengelompokkan ayat-ayat ahkam berdasarkan kekhususannya masing-masing. Seperti, ayat-ayat ahkam yang memiliki beberapa hukum dikumpulkan dalam satu kelompok dan ayat-ayat yang hanya memiliki satu hukum dikelompokkan pada kelompok yang lain. Dikatakan bahwa sebagian dari ayat-ayat ahkam telah dihapus (mansukh) dan hukum yang baru didatangkan sebagai pengganti, seperti ayat Najwa.

Ayat-ayat Alquran yang secara jelas dan transparan menjelaskan mengenai hukum syar'i. Dan dari ayat-ayat Alquran itu diambil dan ditetapkan hukum syar'i maka dengan itu disebut dengan ayat-ayat ahkam [1] atau dengan istilah lain, Fikih Alquran [2]. Yang dimaksud dengan hukum syar'i adalah hukum-hukum fikih amali (hukum-hukum fikih praktis) seperti hukum salat, puasa, jihad dan zakat, bukan hukum-hukum akhlak ataupun akidah. [3] Dikatakan istilah ayat-ayat Ahkam banyak digunakan sebagai judul kitab yang membahas tentang hukum-hukum praktis kaum Muslimin. [4][catatan 1]

Alquran adalah sumber rujukan pertama dan paling utama bagi fikih Islam. [5] Banyak ayat dan riwayat yang memperkenalkan Alquran sebagai sumber untuk mengenal agama dan kitab yang berisi penjelasan mengenai hukum halal dan haram. [6]walaupun demikian, sebagian dari Syiah yang dikenal dengan nama Akhbariyun, berkeyakinan bahwa satu-satunya sumber dan rujukan untuk mendapatkan hukum syar'i adalah riwayat-riwayat dan hadis-hadis. Sehingga menurut mereka, Alquran harus dikenali lewat jalur riwayat dan jika merujuk langsung kepada Alquran dan menggunakannya secara terpisah dari tafsir Ahlulbait as maka hal tersebut terlarang.[7]

Bagian-bagian terperinci dari hukum-hukum syar'i tidak terdapat dalam Alquran. Yang terdapat dalam Alquran adalah hukum yang bersifat global/umum dan berupa kaidah-kaidah syariat. Penjelasan terperinci dari ahkam syar'i bisa didapat melaui riwayat-riwayat Maksumin as. [8] Sebagai contoh, hukum wajibnya salat. Hukum wajibnya salat dapat diketahui dari Alquran namun penjelasan terperinci mengenai tata cara salat seperti berapa rakaat, rukun-rukunnya apa saja dan zikir apa yang harus dibaca itu dapat diketahui dari riwayat.

Sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam riwayat, [9]merujuk pada Alquran dan mengambil ketetapan hukum dari ayat-ayatnya telah dimulai dari periode Rasulullah saw dan sejak turunnya Alquran serta telah dipraktikkan dikalangan para sahabat Nabi Muhammad saw dan sahabat-sahabat Aimmah as. Dalam banyak kejadian, Aimmah as menjelaskan hukum syar'i kepada ummat dengan bersandar pada ayat-ayat Alquran. Sebagai contoh, telah diriwayatkan bahwa Abdul A'la yang bertanya kepada Imam Shadiq as, "Aku terjatuh dan kuku kakiku terlepas sehingga saya terpaksa membalutnya, lantas apa yang harus kulakukan ketika aku mengambil wudhu?" Imam Shadiq as berkata, "Hukumnya sebagaimana yang dipahami dari ayat, "Dia sekali-kali tidak menjadikan untuk kamu dalam agama suatu kesempitan,"[10]). karenanya cukup kamu usap di atasnya (dari luka yang kamu balut itu)."[11]

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