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H-11 tool steel is a hot work steel that is represented by its excellent impact toughness. It consists of less vanadium than the commonly used H13 hot work tool steel. This gives it the higher toughness, with some reduction in wear resistance and temper resistance. H11 is a deep-hardening, air-hardening steel that gives minimal size change during heat treatment. It also has super resistance to thermal fatigue cracking (heat checking) and superb resistance to gross cracking and thermal shock when water cooled in service. Experts will recommend H11 for hot tooling applications where maximum resistance to cracking is required.
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Custom 455 is a martensitic age-hardening stainless steel that has higher strength and hardness capability when compared to Custom 450 stainless. Its hardness capability is approximately HRC 50. Custom 455 has good corrosion resistance to atmospheric environment coupled with ease of fabrication.
Stainless Steel Grade 422 is a hardenable martensitic stainless steel which is being widely used for high temperatures up to 1200F. It has excellent creep-rupture properties in the range of 600/1200F and is capable of being heat treated to various high strength levels depending on section, form, and application involved.
Type 422 offers designers in the aircraft and power industries high strength/weight ratios from room temperature to 1200F. The composition is carefully balanced to provide a microstructure which is virtually all tempered martensite after heat treatment. This structure assures uniformity of mechanical properties with a minimum of directionality.
316LVM F-138 is regarded as the 'Medical Stainless Steel Grade'. This stainless steel 316 Vacuum Arc-Remelted (VAR) to achieve the extremely high levels of purity and 'cleanliness' required for surgical implants. It has excellent resistance in physiological environments, to general and intergranular corrosion, to pitting and crevice corrosion.
The ASTM F138 specification signifies implant grade. It is mainly used for permanent implants. 316LVM corrosion resistance is improved by a reduced carbon content compared to the 300 series alloy grades.
Grade 316 Stainless Steel is the standard molybdenum-bearing grade. The molybdenum gives 316 better overall corrosion resistant properties than Grades 302 and 304, particularly higher resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. It has excellent forming and welding characteristics. It is readily brake or roll formed into parts for applications in the industrial, architectural, and transportation fields. Grade 316 also has outstanding welding characteristics.
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment, marine exterior trim, surgical implants, industrial equipment that can handle the corrosive process chemicals used to produce inks, rayons, photographic chemicals, paper, textiles, bleaches, and rubber.
Grade 304 is the standard "18-8" stainless. It is the most versatile and most widely used stainless steel, available in a wider range of products, forms (bar, sheet, plate, tube, coil, etc.) and finishes (Pump shaft quality "PSQ", Centerless Ground, 2B, etc), than any other. It has excellent forming and welding characteristics. The balanced austenitic structure of Grade 304 enables it to be severely deep drawn without intermediate annealing, which has made this grade dominant in the manufacture of drawn stainless parts such as sinks, hollow-ware and saucepans, handlebar, hooks, and chains. Grade 304 is readily brake or roll formed into a variety of components for applications in the industrial, architectural, and transportation fields. It also has outstanding welding characteristics. Post-weld annealing is not required when welding thin sections.Grade 304L, the low carbon version of 304, does not require post-weld annealing and so is extensively used in heavy gauge components (over about 6mm).
Architectural mouldings and trim, kitchen equipment (sinks, splashbacks, saucepans, cutlery, flatware), welded components or chemical, textile, paper, pharmaceutical and chemical industry processing equipment. Also brewery, dairy, food production equipment, springs, bolts, screws, nuts, anchors.
Type 303 has mechanical properties that are comparable to both 304 and 316 stainless. The primary reason to use 303 is when you need a stainless steel with machining capabilites better than that of 304 and 316. It has roughly the same corrosion resistance as 304, but not as good as 316. The main drawback with the alloy is that it is not generally considered to be weldable. This material is hardenable by cold work.
The machineable nature of Grade 303 stainless steel is due to the presence of Sulphur in the steels composition. While the Sulphur improves machining, it also causes a decrease in the corrosion resistance and a slight lowering of the toughness. The corrosion resistance of grade 303 stainless steel is lower than that for 304. The toughness is still excellent as with other austenitic grades.
Property data given in this document is typical for bar products covered by ASTM A582. It is reasonable to expect specifications in these standards to be similar but not necessarily identical to those given in this article.
Sulphur is an addition to the composition act as initiation sites for pitting corrosion. This decreases the corrosion resistance of grade 303 stainless steel to less than that for 304. However corrosion resistance remains good in mild environments.
Grade 303 stainless steel has good resistance to oxidation when intermittently exposed to temperature up to 760C temperatures. It also has good oxidation resistance in continuous service to 870C. This, however, is not recommended as 303 is sensitive to carbide precipitation with continuous use at 425-860C.
Fabrication of all stainless steels should be done only with tools dedicated to stainless steel materials. Tooling and work surfaces must be thoroughly cleaned before each use, as this is necessary to avoid cross contamination of stainless steel.
17-4 stainless steel ( Grade 630 ) is an age-hardening martensitic alloy combining high strength with the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. Hardening is achieved by a short-time, simple low-temperature treatment. Unlike conventional martensitic stainless steels, such as type 410, 17-4 stainless steel is quite weldable. The strength, corrosion resistance and simplified fabrication can make 17-4 stainless steel a cost-effective replacement for high strength carbon steels as well as other stainless grades.
Stainkless Steel 15-5PH is a modified version of the 17-4PH whereas it has a more refined microstructure through the remelting process which gives it a improved toughness. This grade can machined in annealed or heat treated condition.
A286 is a precipitation age-hardening iron-nickel-chromium alloy that is one of the most popular and widely used of high temperature alloys. It maintains good strength with oxidation resistance at temperatures of up to 1300F. A286 is used in various components, such as aircraft and industrial gas turbines due to is high strength and superior fabrication. A286 is also very popular in offshore oil and gas industry where high levels of heat and stress are a factor.
A286 is harder to work with than 316 and 310 stainless, however A286 can still be cold-worked with positive results. However, compared with other high-temperature alloys A286 is much easier to machine.
410 QDT Stainless Steel is used for petrochemical applications such as oilfield sour gas hydrogen sulfide (H2S) services. This material is double tempered to relieve internal stresses and it also guarantees that no untempered martensite remains in the bar. The 410 QTD is certified with a minimum yield strength of 80 KSI and a hardness of RC22 max. This is in compliance with standards set for H2S-containing environments, NACE MR0175 and/or MR0103. The 410 QDT stainless grade also meets AP1 6A standards, making it optimal for resisting corrosion during petrochemical applications such as sour gas H2S services.
This corrosion resistant alloy is used in oil and gas operations in corrosive environments where other stainless or carbon pipe are not able to be used. Application are in offshore production operations.
303Se Stainless Steel is a free machining 18-8 chrome-nickel steel. Selenium, added to an 18-8 stainless steel that is tough and difficult to machine, makes it so easily and freely machinable that it can be readily be handled on automatic screw machines. It can be machined at about 75% of the speed of carbon C1212. This material has displayed nongalling properties that make disassembly of parts easy and help to avoid scratching or galling in its moving parts.
Type 303Se can been used for parts that are fabricated by machining, grinding and polishing. For example, all types of screw machine products, valves, valve trim, etc. However, it is not recommended for vessels containing gases or liquids under high pressure.
For optimum corrosion resistance, surfaces must be free of scale, lubricants, foreign particles, and coatings applied for drawing and heading. After fabrication of parts, cleaning and/or passivation should be considered.
Stainless Steel 17-4 H1025 is a chromium copper precipitation hardening stainless steel that is used for applications that requires high strength and a moderate level of corrosion resistance. Alloy 17-4 is one of the most widely used grades that is precipitated hardening.
Stainless Steel 17-4 H1025 is heat treated at a temperature between 1015F and 1035F for a period of time of 225-255 minutes. The steel becomes softer that it is in its annealed condition after being treated at this high temperature.
Stainless Steel 17-4 H1150 is a chromium copper precipitation hardening stainless steel that is used for applications that requires high strength and a moderate level of corrosion resistance. Alloy 17-4 is one of the most widely used grades that is precipitated hardening.
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