The Speed of Light in Vacuum is not Constant in Any Circumstances
Abstract
Is the speed of vacuum light constant under any circumstances? Based on dualism and its derivative theory, this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the speed of light in vacuum relative to various moving celestial bodies and different spatial states. The speed of light is essentially the excitation and transmission speed of light relative to dormant photons, and dormant photons have a certain proportional relationship in any case in the cosmic soup, so the speed of light is also the speed relative to the cosmic soup. The universe soup includes mass element, 8 sub-photons (gravitons), 7-sub-photons… sub-photons and photons; usually in a dormant state, no apparent quality. Through protons and neutrons, 9 8 sub-photons are pumped each time to eject 1 photon, and the celestial body forms a gravitational field. The frequency of the jet photon is the same as the spectrum between the first and second energy levels of the hydrogen atom. The ejected photons leave the atom and return to dormancy. The photons are then degraded step by step to balance the proportion of photons and various sub-photons in the cosmic soup. The detailed composition structure and interaction physical model of celestial bodies and cosmic soup are shown in References (Rep. Adv. Phys. Sci. 08 (2024) 2450011, https://doi.org/10.1142/S2424942424500117;Rep. Adv. Phys. Sci. 08 (2024) 2450005, https://doi.org/10.1142/S2424942424500051). In the moving celestial space, the moving celestial body continuously reconstructs the gravitational field at the speed of light, and then continuously reconstructs the universe soup, so the speed of light is also the speed of the relative gravitational field. The speed of light relative to (multiple or single) celestial bodies depends on the mass of celestial bodies and (mutual) motion state, that is, it depends on the delayed speed of the light speed difference generated by the gravitational field established by the moving celestial bodies and the degree of interaction between multiple celestial bodies on light. The analysis results for various cases show that there will be different vacuum light speeds relative to the same observer. This finding challenges the universality of the principle of constant vacuum light speed in relativity, which limits its application. The main effects are as follows: (1) The application scope of Lorentz symmetry and general relativity will be fundamentally limited. (2) Some conclusions in the special theory of relativity, such as the clock slow effect, the scale effect, and the mass–velocity relationship, will not be established. (3) It provides a possible explanation mechanism for high-energy astrophysical phenomena such as superluminal and ray bursts. (4) It has a potential impact on high-precision positioning measurement.
1. Introduction
Speed should be relative, not absolute; the speed of light is no exception. Therefore, the principle of constant vacuum light speed is only a hypothesis, but it is almost used as an axiom so far. Although some people have questioned this — is the speed of light in vacuum constant relative to the measurer in any circumstances? — and made some in-depth discussions, but convincing conclusions have not yet been reached. This paper will use dualism and its derivative theory1,2 to make a special in-depth discussion on the influence of light speed under different motion states, spatial states and masses of single and multiple celestial bodies, which will help to further understand the macro universe.
The following discussions are based on pure cosmic soup (vacuum), unless specifically stated.
2. The Essence of the Speed of Light
Now we know that in the relatively static pure cosmic soup, from the microscopic and ultra-microscopic investigation, the speed of light is the speed at which the energy element in the dormant photon is excited to extend out from the mass element; the time when the energy element is extended from the previous excitation photon to the next dormant photon transfer excitation is zero, that is, the last excited photon transfers the excitation so that the energy element in the next dormant photon extends at the speed of light. So, on the macro level, the speed of light is the speed of the relative dormant photons. The dormant photons are a small part of the universe soup, and the generalized photons in the relatively static pure universe soup always have to maintain a constant proportion, that is . Therefore, the speed of light in vacuum can be understood as the speed of a relatively static pure cosmic soup.