Iron Man 3 (2013

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Iron is an essential nutrient that facilitates cell proliferation and growth. However, iron also has the capacity to engage in redox cycling and free radical formation. Therefore, iron can contribute to both tumour initiation and tumour growth; recent work has also shown that iron has a role in the tumour microenvironment and in metastasis. Pathways of iron acquisition, efflux, storage and regulation are all perturbed in cancer, suggesting that reprogramming of iron metabolism is a central aspect of tumour cell survival. Signalling through hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and WNT pathways may contribute to altered iron metabolism in cancer. Targeting iron metabolic pathways may provide new tools for cancer prognosis and therapy.

I formed the Manhattan Iron Project not so much as a group of artists, but rather, as an ethos of doing things differently. To do something Manhattan Iron Style is to do it your way. To set yourself apart from the crowd. We present our art and art making in a manner that is unlike most others. Things like:

We also fire up our iron melting furnace on the sidewalks of NYC where we give away the products of our labor to those who take the time to watch. But this has little to do with iron and iron casting. It's about the thrill of challenging the status quo.

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Dynamic compression by multiple shocks is used to compress iron up to 560 GPa (5.6 Mbar), the highest solid-state pressure yet attained for iron in the laboratory. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy offers simultaneous density, temperature, and local-structure measurements for the compressed iron. The data show that the close-packed structure of iron is stable up to 560 GPa, the temperature at peak compression is significantly higher than expected from pure compressive work, and the dynamic strength of iron is many times greater than the static strength based on lower pressure data. The results provide the first constraint on the melting line of iron above 400 GPa.

Parity is a fundamental quantum number used to classify a state of matter. Materials rarely possess ground states with odd parity. We show that the superconducting state in iron-based superconductors is classified as an odd-parity s-wave spin-singlet pairing state in a single trilayer FeAs/Se, the building block of the materials. In a low-energy effective model constructed on the Fe square bipartite lattice, the superconducting order parameter in this state is a combination of an s-wave normal pairing between two sublattices and an s-wave η pairing within the sublattices. The state has a fingerprint with a real-space sign inversion between the top and bottom As/Se layers. The results suggest that iron-based superconductors are a new quantum state of matter, and the measurement of the odd parity can help to establish high-temperature superconducting mechanisms.

Superconductivity arises from electron pairing. The symmetry of the quantum mechanical wave function of paired electrons is at the core of our understanding of superconductivity. For superconducting solids with a lattice that is symmetric under point reflections about its center, and whose electronic spin-orbit coupling can be ignored, the symmetry consideration boils down to both the parity of the wave function (i.e., the sign of the wave function under space inversion) and whether the total spin of the electron pair is 0 (spin singlet) or 1 (spin triplet). The existing understanding of superconductivity is that the parity must be even when the spin state is the singlet. This paper fundamentally modifies that understanding with the prediction that a new form of electron pairing characterized by the combination of odd parity and the spin singlet exists for iron-based superconductors discovered only in 2008.

This prediction emerges from a fresh look at the lattice symmetry of these superconductors: What matters in the symmetry consideration should be the spatial symmetry of a single trilayer of FeAs (or FeSe) structure, the basic building block of these superconductors, rather than the square lattice from the Fe atoms that has been the focus of existing theories for pairing symmetry.

This new form of electron pairing should show a sign change under the inversion between the top and bottom As (or Se) layers of the trilayer building block. This sign change can be extracted through a phase-sensitive Josephson interferometry that links the top and bottom As (or Se) layers in bulk or thin-film materials, verifying or falsifying the theoretical prediction. This should generate considerable interest in the prediction. Moreover, the trilayer-based symmetry consideration and the new electron-pairing form are shown to be able to unify our understanding of the entire family of iron-based superconductors, including iron pnictides and iron chalcogenides, which display distinct Fermi-surface topologies. The odd parity provides a symmetry reason why the sign change should be protected in the superconducting states of both classes of materials despite their different Fermi-surface topologies.

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Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide and accounts for approximately one-half of anemia cases. The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia is confirmed by the findings of low iron stores and a hemoglobin level two standard deviations below normal. Women should be screened during pregnancy, and children screened at one year of age. Supplemental iron may be given initially, followed by further workup if the patient is not responsive to therapy. Men and postmenopausal women should not be screened, but should be evaluated with gastrointestinal endoscopy if diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. The underlying cause should be treated, and oral iron therapy can be initiated to replenish iron stores. Parenteral therapy may be used in patients who cannot tolerate or absorb oral preparations.

Iron deficiency anemia is diminished red blood cell production due to low iron stores in the body. It is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide and accounts for approximately one-half of anemia cases.1,2 Iron deficiency anemia can result from inadequate iron intake, decreased iron absorption, increased iron demand, and increased iron loss.3 Identifying the underlying etiology and administering the appropriate therapy are keys to the evaluation and management of this condition.

Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia requires laboratory-confirmed evidence of anemia, as well as evidence of low iron stores.4 Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin level two standard deviations below normal for age and sex (Table 1).5

A complete blood count can be helpful to determine the mean corpuscular volume or red blood cell size. Although iron deficiency is the most common cause of microcytic anemia, up to 40 percent of patients with iron deficiency anemia will have normocytic erythrocytes.2 As such, iron deficiency should still be considered in all cases of anemia unless the mean corpuscular volume is greater than 95 μm3 (95 fL), because this cutoff has a sensitivity of 97.6 percent.6 Other causes of microcytosis include chronic inflammatory states, lead poisoning, thalassemia, and sideroblastic anemia.1

In patients with no inflammatory states and in whom the ferritin level is indeterminate (31 to 99 ng per mL [69.66 to 222.45 pmol per L]), further tests can be performed to ascertain iron status. Values consistent with iron deficiency include a low serum iron level, low transferrin saturation, and a high total iron-binding capacity.2

Soluble transferrin receptor and erythrocyte protoporphyrin testing, or bone marrow biopsy can be considered if the diagnosis remains unclear.2 The soluble transferrin receptor level is an indirect measure of erythropoiesis and is increased in patients with iron deficiency anemia.8 Another benefit of this test is that the soluble transferrin receptor level is unaffected by inflammatory states and can help identify concomitant iron deficiency anemia in patients with anemia of chronic disease.12 Erythrocyte protoporphyrin is a heme precursor and accumulates in the absence of adequate iron stores.11 If other tests are indeterminate and suspicion for iron deficiency anemia persists, the absence of stainable iron in a bone marrow biopsy is considered the diagnostic standard.2

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