It sounds like a docker problem, not a RabbitMQ problem. It works for me:
docker pull rabbitmq:3-management
3-management: Pulling from library/rabbitmq
5544ebdc0c7b: Pull complete
56fd8067e26d: Pull complete
50f617f636f4: Pull complete
dfa68bb7204a: Pull complete
c55a28a6ac3f: Pull complete
a680b367e8fe: Pull complete
6143a430a7ee: Pull complete
764f38b1467e: Pull complete
ede980e83395: Pull complete
5f77f2a5c9cb: Pull complete
98aa4b420133: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:ad527658460c4f02bfd531207b966c2272eb657b8c0d59f1cfe58cb0b70e79b9
Status: Downloaded newer image for rabbitmq:3-management
docker.io/library/rabbitmq:3-management