Looks like Qubes 4.x uses libinput rather than synaptics for the touchpad driver (and probably other things, too). I was able to speed things up by running the following command sequence:
xinput list
to get a list of my devices. My touchpad has id=11. To see its properties I run
xinput list-props 11
Hopefully you see settings you can change to get the behavior you want!
To spot most of the speed-related settings, try running
xinput list-props 11 | grep -ie constant -ie decel -ie accel
Unfortunately I only get
libinput Accel Speed (314): -0.600000
libinput Accel Speed Default (315): 0.000000
so I've had to experiment around a lot with the "Coordinate Transformation Matrix (156)" setting to speed up my mouse. At least for now I have settled on
xinput set-prop 11 156 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1
Hope this helps!
--Steve