More info:
I set up "Port forwarding to a qube from the outside world" based on The Qubes Firewall documentation. Basically, I set up forwarding of udp 27031, udp 27036, tcp 27036, and tcp 27037 traffic from the Win 10 PC to the Qubes Debian 9 VM. I tested the tcp forwarding with telnet/putty, which worked; but was not sure how to test the udp ports.
Summary question - how do I forward UDP broadcast (255.255.255.255) traffic from a separate Win10 machine, to a Qubes 4.0 VM running Debian 9?
Also, should I just take this to a networking forum?
To close the loop on this, awokd is correct that it is not easy to NAT broadcast traffic. I found a couple ways that might work, but it breaks the purpose/design of broadcast. The best solution I found was to set up a VPN between the server machine and the specific qubes VM. In the end, I sacrificed some security and set up mult-boot.